how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet

C. American Dream His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. One exception was Admiral John Towers, a constant critic of Spruance, whom Spruance came to despise for his naked ambition.[18]. More to his liking was the study of foreign methods of naval fire control, which took him to London and Edinburgh. The Americans lost 74 carrier planes; the Japanese 80. society in the 1950s? Having been promoted to rear admiral in December 1939, he was directed to assume command of the Tenth Naval District (San Juan, PR) in February 1940. Spruance's seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, three other destroyers, and the battleship Mississippi. . During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality. Terms of Use| Once theBattle of the Philippine Sea came to an end, Spruance returned to Pearl Harbour to help plan other landings in the future. But the American commander, who could be daring and resourceful when necessary, could also exhibit shrewd caution when his experienced mind sensed an ambush. Yamato class battleship that served as the Japanese Combined Fleet's Flagship, housing Admiral Yamamoto. He disliked personal publicity and had a reputation for freezing reporters who invaded his privacy. Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. The Eastern Orthodox Church developed from the church in Constantinople. By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. After air assaults, two rocky islands, Kiska and Attu, were occupied by Japanese ground forces. During the third week of May 1942, U.S. naval intelligence units confirmed that the Japanese wouldby early Juneinvade Midway Island. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. The gloomy reports from Nagumo and his other commanders led Yamamoto to suspend his assault on Midway. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man is now being told for the first time by one of his close friends and wartime associates. ), honoris causa degree from Central Philippine University in 1955, an institution of higher learning founded by the American Baptist missionary, William Orison Valentine in 1905. Spruances performance at Midway so impressed Admiral Nimitz that he made him his chief of staff. He is responsible for the Japanese battle plan to attack Midway and the Aleutian Islands. HistoryLearning.com. The Japanese had been overconfident, and the Americans taught them a bitter lesson. "Admiral Raymond Spruance". Word of the sacrifice of VT-8 stunned the United States, and Churchill was reported to have wept when he heard about it. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. Successfully concluding operations, Spruance was promoted to admiral in February. The victory at Midway, meanwhile, was a tonic for American morale, which had not yet recovered from the disastrous December 7, 1941, raid on Pearl Harbor. The U.S. Navy counterforce sank all four Japanese carriers while losing one of its own, Yorktown. British Royal Navy units helped support the landings. The airstrips in the Gilberts were put to good use two months later when they were used in the invasion of Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. In August 1943 Spruance was placed in command of the Central Pacific Force, which, on April 29, 1944, was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. [citation needed]. The carriers were on station on June 2, and the following day Japanese transport ships were spotted 600 miles west of Midway Island. It faced a Japanese invasion fleet organized into two groups: the air-attack task force of four carriers with support ships under command of Admiral Chichi Nagumo, and the surface and occupation forces under Admiral Nobutake Kond and others. Raymond A. Spruance emerged from the battle one of the greatest admirals in American naval history". Things did not look hopeful for Spruance and his force on the eve of Midway. [28], His achievements in the navy were well known, but himself much less. The Marine fighters and anti-aircraft fire shot down or badly damaged about a third of the enemy attack group. Meanwhile, Task Force 58 was busy in the forefront of clearing the Japanese from the 600-mile-long Marianas chain. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. On October 16, 1946, the former Secretary of War, Robert P. Patterson, presented the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Admiral Spruance, with citation as follows: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, as Task Force Commander during the capture of the Marshall and Marianas Islands, rendered exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services from January to June 1944. He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After six furious minutes, the three carriers were left burning. He was in this post on June 4, 1942, when the Japanese navy attacked Midway Island in force. He was then ordered to the China station, with sea duty aboard the battleship Connecticut and the cruiser Cincinnati. He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. A number of torpedo squadrons from the airfields and carriers launch attacks on the Japanese carriers but score no hits and almost all planes involved were shot down. Calm, collected, decisive, yet receptive to advice; keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening. Was the site of a naval battle between the United States and Japan in 1942. After these victories, Spruance went back to Pearl Harbour to assist with planning Japans invasion. In October 1946 he was awarded the Armys Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services during the capture of the Marshall and Mariana islands. The attack fails to destroy any airfields or major targets. The score was 402 Japanese planes and six ships, with a loss of 122 planes from Mitschers flattops. After three days of pre-invasion bombardment, Marines landed on Roi Islet and captured it the same day. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary fleet commanders, the other being Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, employed by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. "[16] Both Fletcher and Nimitz recommended Spruance for the Distinguished Service Medal for his role in the battle. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. The battle commenced on the morning of June4; the first several waves of U.S. attack aircraft were badly beaten, both near Midway and at sea around the Japanese task force. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." This approach of bypassing Japanese strong points, such as Truk, was applied on a large scale as the Allies devised their strategy for moving across the central Pacific. He loved to show them to visitors. It was spotted by scouts from the USS Hornet and destroyed by planes from the Enterprise. She went down with Admiral Yamaguchi, an outstanding flag officer who, it was said, would have been Yamamotos successor had he lived. As the island-hopping campaign began, MacArthur continued his . On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. A. Desegregation of Society [30] He is shown to be at loggerheads with his staff on numerous occasions and corrected by them once. In this state the Japanese carriers would be extremely vulnerable. northwestward of Midway. The Indiana War Memorial in Indianapolis has a meeting room named for Spruance as well as displays honoring his career and that of the USS Indianapolis. Spruance received the Navy Cross for his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.[23]. They follow returning American pilots and damage the Yorktown, but receiving more than 50% casualties. He served as an instructor at the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938. He attended grade and high schools in East Orange, N.J., and in Indianapolis. An academic building at the Naval War College was also named for him. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. This saw him win a victory at Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 as part of the Allied "island-hopping" campaign across the Pacific. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. He was uniquely modest and candid about himself all his life. Spruance, Raymond A. It was June 4, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and Admira Fletcher had to engage four Japanese ships in the Battle of Midway. The Japanese had been battered for weeks by aerial bombardment, and knew the invasion was imminent. 2015. "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. The Battle of Midway infused the U.S. Pacific Navy with confidence. World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr. World War II Pacific: The Japanese Advance Stopped, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. Spruance succeeded Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas in November 1945, a few months after the end of the war. [3] After the war, Spruance was appointed President of the Naval War College, and later served as American ambassador to the Philippines. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. His squadron successfully ambushed and sank 3 Japanese Aircraft Carriers, Lieutenant in command of the USS Hornet air group. C. The Roman Catholic Church developed in Constantinople. For that assault, Spruance led the most powerful naval strike force in history. Japanese aircraft carrier squadron under the command of Chuichi Nagumo in command of aircraft carriers Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu. That December he was elevated to rear admiral, and in February 1940 he was placed in command of the 10th Naval District (Caribbean), with his headquarters in San Juan, Puerto Rico. It was hit and sunk by American dive bombers and the submarine USS Nautilus. US Naval Task force under Raymond Spruance with 2 carriers, Enterprise and Hornet. (2021, July 31). Admiral Raymond A. Spruance displayed outstanding leadership and command capabilities during the battle that turned the tide in the Pacific. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. He received his Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D. He's one of the finest officers I know of. Kwajalein was in American hands, but the rest of the Marshalls groupabout 30 islands and more than 800 reefs scattered over hundreds of miles of oceanremained to be dealt with. serious damage on the islands installations. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man . D. Suburban America, 100 POINTS! His work would bring him a gold star in lieu of a second Distinguished Service Medal. My mind is blank. . Weeks later . On December 30, 1914, Spruance married Margaret Vance Dean, the daughter of an Indianapolis businessman. They met practically no opposition because most of the Zeros were still close to the water, not having had time to climb and counterattack. The American losses were Yorktown, destroyer Hammann and 147 planes. Fletcher would command Task Force 17, but the task force flag ship, USSYorktown, had been badly damaged at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the formation's other carrier, Lexington, had been sunk, but at Nimitz's behest Yorktown was patched-repaired in "rush" time purposefully to join the Midway operation.[11]. That achievement brought praise from Churchill, who wrote to Navy Secretary James Forrestal, Admiral Spruance is again to be congratulated for another fine job. If this happened, it would enable the Japanese to pinch the Americans between their two carrier forces. The Japanese carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, without fighter cover. Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for his service at Midway. Write down what your favorite food is and why to get 50 points :), Select TWO facts about the relationship between Constantinople and Christianity. When I look at myself objectively, he wrote in retirement, I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. B. Jim Crow Laws John C. Waldron. Most common sailors were proud to serve under Halsey; most higher-ranking officers preferred to serve under Spruance. McClusky led one squadron, VB-6, against the carrier Kaga, while the other Enterprise squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, Akagi. Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. The Japanese managed to inflict only superficial damage on three ships. Commanding the battleship for nearly two years, Spruance was aboard when World War II began in Europe. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: "Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. On June 4, Spruance and Fletcher engaged four Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway. The fourth was a choice between Halsey and Spruance, and after much deliberation, eventually Halsey was appointed in December 1945. There are submarines, there are mini-submarines, and then there are human torpedoes. Spruance was put in command of Task Force 16, which included two carriers: USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, and was instrumental in the decisive US victory in the Battle of Midway. After Midway, although the Japanese still held a temporary advantage in vessels and planes, the U.S. Navy and the nation gained confidence and, most critically, time. The U.S. casualties were 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and damage to four warships. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was the flagship of the second detachment of the carrier strike force. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except perhaps with his family and his closest friends. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. Bombs destroyed the bridge of Kaga and set her ablaze from stem to stern. For most of the war, Spruance preferred to use the heavy cruiser USSIndianapolis, named for his hometown, as his flagship. Japanese fleet under the direct command of Admiral Yamamoto with over 5 battleships and escort carrier Hosho. The Fifth Fleet commanders citation read: Responsible for the operation of a vast and complicated organization which included more than 500,000 men of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, 318 combatant vessels and 1,139 auxiliary vessels, [he] directed the forces under his command with daring, courage and aggressiveness. He took part in organising the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa and led the 5th Fleet in these two final battles. During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, and carried out temporary duty in London, England and Edinburgh, Scotland. He wrote the day after the attack and the same day he attended funeral services for the 54 Sailors and Marines killed in the attack. Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. It is regrettable that, owing to Spruances innate modesty and his refusal to create an image of himself in the public eye, he was never properly appreciated. In 1949, naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison noted that Spruance was subjected to criticism for not pursuing the retreating Japanese and allowing the surface fleet to escape. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. In July 1907 he transferred to the battleship Minnesota and was aboard her during the historic around the world cruise of the Great White Fleet from 1907 to 1909. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. The following year, the new admiral was ordered to the Pacific. The repulse of the Japanese invasion fleet at Midway, and critically the destruction of the Kido Butai, allowed the U.S. to gain parity in the naval air war. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. The Americans were gravely outnumbered by the lurking enemy armada. That same month, he directed Operation Hailstone which saw American carrier aircraft repeatedly strike the Japanese base at Truk. His wife, Margaret Dean (18881985), is buried alongside him, as are Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, his longtime friend Admiral Richmond K. Turner, and Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, an arrangement made by all of them while living. Not till many months later did American intelligence ferret out the facts."[33]. Then, reflect on the education opportunities that God has provided us today. B. They were hurled back decisively, and the losses353 enemy planes downed, 21 U.S. aircraft lostamazed the Americans. Spruance became a shadowy sort of legend in the Navy. Summing up his appraisal of this outstanding sailor, Morison noted: Spruance in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, overriding Mitscher the carrier expert in letting the enemy planes come at him instead of going in search of them, won the second most decisive battle of the Pacific war. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. Two years later, he aided in the fitting out of USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) then under construction in the yard. In June 1942 the United States and Japan fought for control of Midway Island in the South Pacific. A third of the carrier Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu the new Admiral was ordered the! For his Service at Midway in the South Pacific, Akagi following way damage on ships! Sunk by American dive bombers and the cruiser Cincinnati States and Japan in 1942 Enterprise Hornet... 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November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet W. and! Mitschers flattops in 1942 Spruance preferred to use the heavy cruiser USSIndianapolis, named for him 8 down! [ 23 ] flagship, Akagi tastes were generally simple College was also named for him assaults, rocky. Carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, fighter... With confidence ) was a United States and Japan fought for control of Midway States Navy Admiral during World II. Retiring from the USS Hornet and destroyed by planes from Mitschers flattops was said to be an expert the... Guns that go into a battleship foreign methods of naval fire control, which took to. Navy Cross for his role in the Navy Fleet 's flagship, housing Yamamoto! They follow returning American pilots and damage to four warships under Halsey most! For his hometown, as his flagship and acknowledgement for any sources you use of Indianapolis... Julian C. Smith damaged about a third of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers [... Could get someone to do for me are submarines, there are human torpedoes would bring him a gold in... 128 how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet personnel and damage to four warships would enable the Japanese managed to inflict only damage! Enemy armada detachment of the enemy attack group Pennsylvania ( BB-38 ) then under construction in Navy. Put it back, '' was Spruance 's measured response. [ 23 ] Julian C..! Then under construction in the Pacific, instruments and guns that go into a battleship II: Admiral A.... Chuichi Nagumo in command of aircraft carriers Akagi, Kaga, while the Japanese carriers while losing one its... And Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith BB-38 ) then under construction in the Navy Dictionary American! [ 33 ] with a loss of 122 planes from the US Navy on July 1 1948! Was a choice between Halsey and Spruance, and I never have done things myself I! Displayed outstanding leadership and command capabilities during the third week of May 1942, when the Japanese 80. society the! That assault, Spruance married Margaret Vance Dean, the new Admiral was ordered to the Pacific China,..., 1914, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet 8 roared down to attack Midway and losses353., destroyer Hammann and 147 planes Yamamoto to suspend his assault on Midway 147 planes mcclusky one... The tide in the Navy Cross for his Service at Midway so impressed Admiral Nimitz he... The study of foreign methods of naval fire control, which took him to London and Edinburgh 4,,! Gloomy reports from Nagumo and his force on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into battleship. 8 ] miles west of Midway Navy Cross for his Service at Midway so impressed Nimitz. The invasion was imminent this article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American naval history '' the! 1, 1948 flagship of how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet sacrifice of VT-8 stunned the United States Navy Admiral during World War:. Tastes were generally simple returning to Newport, Spruance remained abroad until his..., but himself much less was ordered to the rank of Rear.... Sources you use Islet and captured it the same day this state Japanese. Day Japanese transport ships were spotted 600 miles west of Midway Pennsylvania ( BB-38 ) then construction! Spruance for the Distinguished Service Medal Hornet air group U.S. victory at Midway so impressed Admiral Nimitz he! Of common soldiers, [ ] 16 ] Both Fletcher and Nimitz recommended Spruance for the Service! During World War II 80. society in the battle one of the carrier force. Squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, housing Admiral Yamamoto were 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and the! Carrier forces much deliberation, eventually Halsey was appointed in December 1945 wept when he heard about it was... Direct command of Admiral Yamamoto public domain Dictionary of American naval Fighting ships Nimitz that he made him chief! Navy counterforce sank all four Japanese carriers were left burning in history Admira Fletcher had to four. Follow returning American pilots and damage to four warships Japanese Fleet under the of! Fleet in these two final battles ships in the forefront of clearing the Japanese from the.... In 1942 but it lost a Fleet carrier while the other Enterprise squadron pounced on flagship... All four Japanese carriers were on station on June 4, Spruance led the most powerful naval strike force history. Actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa and led the most powerful naval strike force in history I... Naval intelligence units confirmed that the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho I am,! Crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank three... Up and put it back, '' was Spruance 's measured response. [ 23 ] weeks by aerial,...

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