example of grade equivalent score

Example: The scores from 11 students on a quiz are 4, 7, 6, 3, 10, 7, 3, 7, 5, 5, and 9. For example, a student who has a percentile rank of 85 performed as well as or better than 85 percent of students in the same grade. Standardized tests do not report Raw Scores as simple percentages of correct answers. At the later age, a raw score change of 5 points results in almost 2 years' difference in terms of "age-equivalent" scores. Age- and grade-equivalent scores are quick, easy ways to estimate your child's skill levels. Journal of School Psychology, 19 (4), 350-358. The childs performance on a particular task is presented in terms of the age level of an average performance on that task. Because the acquisition of skills measured by an instrument such as a vocabulary test occurs more rapidly during early ages, raw scores increase at a greater rate with younger examinees than with older examinees. works with clients around the world in developing individualized learning plans that value the strengths and weaknesses of the whole child. The childs Standard Score and the associated Percentile Rank are what is most helpful in determining if acceleration is a good choice. Q. Based on 6 documents. Thank you for this site, it has been extremely helpful! They do not reflect the ability of an examinee. In most instances, raw scores allow for computerized grading of large batches of tests. GE scores can be very misleading. normal curve equivalents, grade equivalents, and Growth Scale Values (GSVs) 7. grade equivalent a measure of achievement or performance expressed in terms of the average grade level at which the observed score is typically obtained by a student. This does not refer to the percentage of correct answers. NOTE: This blog post was originally written in 2014 when the WJ-III was still widely used. Alternatively, if the test had 112 questions, a raw score of 52 would be a below-average score. Standardized tests mathematically transform each Raw Score into a Standard Score. The age equivalent for a raw score of 55 is 4 years 4 months. Alessa lives in Maryland, where she homeschooled her kids into college. Simply, Raw Score are the number of questions that were answered correctly on each subtest. For example, an age-based score on Numerical Operations would compare the examinee to 12-year-olds in Grades 6 and However, the values of GPAs are calculated based on factors such as individual grades,. It's found in high schools and colleges alike and is very straightforward. Ten psychometric reasons why similar tests produce dissimilar results. The score chart is based on hypothetical student test results run through official WJ scoring software. For example, if a third-grader's score conforms to fifth-grade norms, the grade equivalent is expressed as five. Ask good questions. Question about GE scores If you have a child in first grade (rising second grader) where they are considering accelerating in math. Two of the subtest scores are given in AE but this last year they were reported in SS. 2 : the group of pupils in a school grade Fifth grade is holding a bake sale. GE scores are calculated based on the number of correct answers (called the raw score) and then converted to an equivalency (age or grade) score, however, this is not a grade level. Without more information, the raw score has no meaning. However, the age equivalent for a raw score of 165 is 16 years 4 months, and for a raw score of 170 is 18 years 2 months. Note that the percentile rank does not provide an indication of proficiency or accuracy in a given domain. In regards to the question about Impossible being utilized in the testing report, it is not an indication that a task is impossible for a child to ever achieve. received a 7th grade equivalent score on a 4th grade reading achievement test, the parents may believe their child is ready for 7th grade material . Those Raw Scores, however, will lead to different Standard Scores based upon the test takers actual age or grade. If called for Interview the candidate will have to produce a certificate issued by the appropriate authority inter alia stating the norms of the University regarding conversion of grade into percentage and the percentage of marks scored by the candidate in terms of these norms If Grade/ CGPA is awarded instead of marks, only candidates securing CGPA/ Grade equivalent to 60% or more may apply.. Such scores must later be converted to other types of ratings for comparative or interpretive reasons. Alessa Giampaolo Keener, M.Ed. For example, a student who is old for grade, such as a 12-year-old in Grade 5, may obtain misleadingly low scores when age-based norms are used. As a parent, if you see 9.6 you might think your child is ready for 9th grade. Unlike the Age and Grade Equivalents, which are based on median W-scores, the Standard Score is based on a transformation of theW-Difference Score. It is called grade equivalent because it uses grades of school (second grade, third grade, etc.) They cannot be added, subtracted, or averaged. The Woodcock Johnson Test of Achievement, just like the Wechsler Individualized Achievement Test, samples a persons level of achievement across broad content areas. To calculate the score for these tests, you would need norm referenced data and specialized training that is not readily available. Under Standard Scores, what is the Predicted score? Age/Grade Equivalents only take into consideration the average W score of your examinee's peers in the norming sample. The W score is converted from the raw score of the WJ test. p. 288). What is an example of a grade equivalent score? Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, 951-957. For example, a child who gets an age equivalent score of 11-5 is performing as well as the average 11 year, 5 month old child. Modified on: Wed, 13 Jul, 2022 at 3:49 PM. The older examinee is at a higher developmental level and is acquiring skills at a slower pace as he or she approaches competency. My child was considered average or slightly below or above average in all areas. Our Programs The Tests About Us Blog Success Stories Media Store Privacy Terms of Use, Copyright 2023 TestingMom.com. endobj Test scores are very confusing, even for many teachers who need to be able to explain them to parents! << /Length 11 0 R /N 3 /Alternate /DeviceRGB /Filter /FlateDecode >> scores were developed for both age- and grade-referenced groups. My lower scoring child tested that she is on the low end of being mildly impaired, and some in moderately impaired. Grade equivalent norms are a scale of measurement used to rate a students progress in different academic areas in relation to other students. GRADE EQUIVALENT SCORES A grade equivalent is a very general score that is used to compare the performance of children in the same grade with one another. Im sure of it. The scale is the same as the IQ test. Other areas that tests might assess include working memory, vocabulary, processing speed, verbal reasoning, problem-solving, and listening comprehension. Unweighted 4.0 GPA Scale. For example, a Reading Scale Score of 510 does not have the same meaning as a Listening Scale Score of 510. . Highergrade-equivalent scores correspond to higher raw scores and the same is true forlow scores. GE scores can be very misleading. "Because of the inherent psychometric problems associated with age and grade equivalents that . It is called grade equivalent because it uses grades of school (second grade, third grade, etc.) An examinee with a percentile rank of 80% would suggest their tested performance is better than or equal to 80% of individuals in the reference group. >> Most standardized test score reports include both a raw score and an already-converted percentile rank. Want to try us out? For example, assume the mean score for ninth graders in the third month ofschool (9.3) is 50 on the ninth grade version of the test. Percentile ranks based on raw scores indicate where a student falls in comparison with other students of the same age or academic level, taking the same test. This does not refer to the percentage of correct answers. The modern version also comes with a software program called PIAT-R ASSIST which processes the raw scores and produces . endobj A number that compares the student's performance to a typical student performance at a particular grade level. If a sixth gradergets a 50 on the sixth grade test, he receives a grade-equivalent score of 9.3even though the sixth grader took the sixth grade version of the test. Take for example the Calculations subtest on the WJ-III. 10 0 obj It is noted that testing practitioners have found that raw . Because of this, Grade Equivalents . Your email address will not be published. For example, if a seventh-grade student received a GE of 10.0, this means that the student scored as well on a STAR Math test as the typical tenth-grade student taking the same test. For example, assume the mean score for ninth graders in the third month ofschool (9.3) is 50 on the ninth grade version of the test. I must say, after seeing opposing test results, there has to be a better metric. Age and grade equivalents are not a ratio or interval scale of measurement. 86% tested at or below that specific score. Grade Placement (GP) "A numerical representation of the student's grade level based on the month in which the student takes the STAR reading test.". Record the ages in years and months. Are they looking at the number of the total problems completed in the time alotted? Get Messy. Grade Equivalent scores can be used to compare the number of correct answers children of different ages or grades received on the same test. A Grade Equivalent (GE) indicates the normal grade placement of students for whom a particular score is typical. Tom, that would mean that your son is in the top 14% with regard to his standard score. A grade equivalent score represents the grade and month in school of students in the norm group whose test performance is theoretically equivalent to the test performance of the student on a report. Standard scores are a more accurate representation of an examinees ability because they are based not only on the mean at a given age level but also on the distribution of scores. An age or grade equivalent is simply the median raw score for a particular age or grade level. wC*c@ri9Wz>lZTGpSnScX :-To@{5`onTr << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /F1.0 8 0 R Age on date of test: 11y 3 m (5th grade). A score of 3.0 would be grade 3, September (no months completed in the third . In other words, instead of comparing the child against other children in either 1st, 2nd, or 3rd grade, the child is compared to children who are the same age. Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement (WJ-III and WJIV) is a registered trademark of Riverside Assessments, LLC and its affiliates (Riverside). Below is further information regarding four of the common score types, with interpretative information: During the norming process, items serve as a means of helping us estimate an examinees location on the W-scale ruler.. In the case of our hypothetical 7-year old Abby who answered 21 questions correctly on the Calculations subtests and earned a GE of 6.2, its possible that she aced all the basic operation problems, but failed to get one fraction or decimal problem correct, let alone even attempt a pre-algebra or higher math question. These numbers are used to determine percentile . In scoring, however, any student, regardless of grade, whoacquires that mean score is assigned that particular grade-equivalent score. 5 0 obj A very large sample group of students in the 7th grade are given the test during October. Riverside does not sponsor or endorse any. Laugh. What does this mean? For example, if a student scored in the 69th percentile on a test, the student achieved a score that is higher than 69% of the other students who took the test. Go for a walk. A score of 3.0 would be grade 3, September (no months completed in the third grade). RyO Does Technology Help or Hinder Students' Development? They will look something like this: "5.3" or "7.9." When you see "5.3," this means students in the 5th grade after the third month of school (September is month zero, October is month one, and so on through June, which is month nine). PERCENTILE SCORESPercentile scores allow you to compare one students scores with a group of students who took the same test. That doesnt take away the fact that Abby is clearly ahead in math, but, at the same time, it doesnt make the strongest case for saying that she should be in 6th grade math. In algebra, finding the value of an unknown variable produces the final answer to a mathematical question. So, if 100 students took the test, the student in the 69th percentile scored higher than 69 students. Tutoring: 813-544-3833 Website: 877-609-6203, Or login with Amazon, Facebook, or Google. GRADE-EQUIVALENT SCORES The Grade-Equivalent score compares your childs performance on grade-level material against the average performance of students at other grade levels on that same material and is reported in terms of grade level and months. endobj Please note the denominator in the RPI is always 90 (representing 90% efficiency on the test or task) whereas the numerator varies from 0 100 and represents how proficient the particular child tested is on that task. Livia McCoy spent many years teaching upper school science. Because of the differences in which the above scores are derived, one cannot simply assume that a given age equivalent or grade equivalent is discrepant from an individual's standard score or percentile rank. What if a WJIV report shows a child scored below 40 in either a broad score or one of the subtests. In certain situations, grade equivalent scores are the most appropriate statistic available for reporting achievement test data. For example, a Standard Score of 100 equates to a 50th Percentile Rank. Therefore, the best way to interpret the sixth grader's grade equivalentscore of 9.3 is to conclude that he did much better than the average sixthgrader and may have an excellent understanding of the work at the sixth gradelevel. How do I convert an AE score to a GE score. Those Raw Scores, however, will lead to different Standard Scores based upon the test takers actual age or grade. At the time I did not know what it all meant, now hes considerably older and has achieved a great deal to be so young. How are sub test raw scores converted to standard scores? WRAT4 vs. WRAT5 1. For example, some people ace all their grade-level problems but then immediately get answers wrong when they encounter concepts they havent learned yet. For example, just because a third grader scores at a sixth grade level on reading doesn't mean they are emotionally mature or proficient enough in other subjects to be in sixth grade. All tests are centered on a W score value of 500 (approximates average performance of a 10 y/o). Percentile ranks based on raw scores indicate where a student falls in comparison . Perseverance, Not "Math Brain," Determines Success in Math, Middle School Study Skills: Getting Organized, 5 Meaningful Community Service Ideas for Students, With Learning, It Doesn't Matter How Long It Takes. For example, assume the mean score for ninth graders in the third month ofschool (9.3) is 50 on the ninth grade version of the test. Reflects their accuracy level rather than their ability to handle higher-grade-level tasks. However, you can say that the student answered a high number of items correctly when compared to others in their grade; the same percentage of items that an average eighth grade student answered correctly when given the same test. 7 = Lower A grade. For example, a grade-equivalent score of 9.2 is interpreted as ninth grade, second month (typically November). That should have been clarified by the special education liaison or the school psychologist at the meeting. The unweighted GPA scale is the most commonly used GPA scale. All the students standing behind that child will have Standard Scores lower than 100. 1996) have claimed that grade equivalents are often misinterpreted. This means that, on similar math tasks, the child would demonstrate 55% proficiency, whereas the same age or grade peer would demonstrate 90% proficiency. For example, a 4th-grade student who obtains a grade equivalent score of 2.2 on a reading test is performing at a level equivalent to a typical student at the end of the second month of 2nd-grade. My childs score for example in Reading is 91(86-96), Letter-word Id scored 94(88-99)?? The word equivalent in the term Grade Level Equivalent means the grade level of the average student who would have done as well as this student faired on these particular test questions. My autistic grandson was subjected to this test in second grade and to see the word impossible used to describe an autistic childs ability is appalling. But, remember that your child was never tested on 9th grade material; he was tested on 7th grade material and did better than the average 7th grader in the sample group did. . The grade equivalent method is described as a poor way to report scores; raw scores, percentiles, and stanine ranges are discussed as alternatives. But these scores aren't always what they appear. Grade Equivalent scores remain one of the most misunderstood and misused pieces of data from educational testing. This is equivalent to a 73-76%. What Happened to the Batera III ACH's Oral Language Tests? Unlike Age and Grade Equivalents, Percentile Ranks also are based on transformation of W-difference scores. The units of dose equivalent are the sievert (Sv) and rem. The standard score of the average 4th and 5th grade student are indicated on the standard score continuum. endstream You can email Alessa at alessa.education (at) gmail.com. GE scores can be very misleading. An age or grade equivalent is simply the median raw score for a particular age or grade level. Listen. Still other students have very inconsistent math skills and do extremely well in one area, such as calculations, but struggle with word problems. If the median W-score for Letter Word Identification for 11 year -month-old examinees is 600, then an examinee who receives a W score of 600 on that test would receive 11:0 as their age equivalent score. If a sixth gradergets a 50 on the sixth grade test, he receives a grade-equivalent score of 9.3even though the sixth grader took the sixth grade version of the test. The reliability of age- and grade-equivalent scores is limited by the relationship between the equivalents and the raw scores on which they are based. Privacy Protected - We do not sell or share your information with anyone. For students who are near the median of their class or a bit below, SAT scores and class grades both have decent resolution. Cole, Nancy S. The advantages and disadvantages of grade equivalent (GE) scores are explored, including appropriate uses for GE type scores and how to bring current GE scales closer to the type of information educators appear to desire. What happened to my post about my experience with this test? These scores take into consideration the mean score and the variability of scores within the normative sample. I share what I have learned helping these students, their parents and teachers to see how they can experience success in school. Livia welcomes comments on her blog at SchoolFamily.com. Most standardized test score reports include both a raw score and an already-converted percentile rank. Grade Equivalent Test Scores Similar to age-equivalent tests are grade-equivalent tests, which are given to determine whether a student can handle the content that is meant for their grade level. >=]5=)H*X]%M`2c!AJa"mIKZ2RWhAB1 For example, 7 years and 4 months would be 7.3 years. Grade Equivalent scores do not tell us that a child is actually achieving at a specific grade level. Age and grade equivalents are not a ratio or interval scale of measurement. Abby, on the other hand, is 7-years old, the typical age for a 2nd grader. as a scale and measurement of a student's advancement. I want any information available to appeal to the authors of this test to remove the word impossible from the language. Can I get this in another format? 1 : a division of a school course representing a years work Hes in the fourth grade. Grade equivalents provide a continuing range of grade levels and . From the average standard score for each grade level, the typical growth the average student makes from year to year can be calculated. The common misinterpretation of the grade-equivalent score revolves around thinking a score indicates that a student should be placed in another grade . >AnOKzh}u}?}11kJ~)En0bxMJBYG5B%=1KA WJ IV WIIIP: Do the checklists and/or Observation forms need to be tied to an assessment in order to compute? In Virginia, parents who use a standardized achievement test for evidence of achievement must show that their homeschooled child has scored in or above the fourth stanine. The fourth stanine begins at the 23rd percentile. It simply represents the norming group's median score, or projected score at that point in time. While students can demonstrate skills above a second grade level, scores beyond 190 on the MPG Reading and 200 on the MPG Math indicate . While the WJ-IV is now the accepted version used throughout the United States, Grade Equivalent Score Fallacy concepts remain the same. Grade Equivalent Example. Another score you are likely to see is the grade equivalent (GE) score. 2022. Age- and grade-level equivalents describe the age or grade of the average child receiving the same score as this child. For example, a grade equivalent is often based upon testing only those children who are theoretically judged to be at even-grade-level and grade-level-plus-nine months. It then assigns increment values of 0.0 to 0.9 to those months. They boy is flunking math so I cant believe the report. Specifically, a mean scale score is calculated by adding all individual student scores and dividing by the number of total scores. A change of 5 raw score points at this early age reflects a change of 4 months in terms of "age-equivalent" scores. How that test taker got those 141 correct math answers will depend upon the individual. Some tests which use age equivalents include: WIAT, Oral and Written Language Scales-Written Expression (OWLS WE), Peabody gross motor scale, Mullen Scales of Early Learning for the Assessment of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, and some early intervention tests. 19 A high GE score tells us that a child has been able to correctly answer far more questions than his or her peers but it tells us nothing more. New norms - Updated with new data reflecting current populations based on recent census information 2. 6 0 obj The W-Difference Score is the difference between an examinee's test or cluster W Score, and the average test or cluster score for the reference group you choose to compare to the examinee to (same-age or same-grade peers). Lets think about the score of 7.1 (7th grade, in October). Into a Standard score of 510. very confusing, even for many teachers who need be. Tests, you would need norm referenced data and specialized training that is not readily.. Must later be converted to Standard scores lower than 100 scores correspond to higher raw scores allow to! Older examinee is at a slower pace as he or she approaches competency parent, if the test actual! ), 350-358 handle higher-grade-level tasks refer to the Batera III ACH 's Oral Language tests a. And 5th grade student are indicated on the other hand, is 7-years old, typical. It simply represents the norming sample test, the typical growth the average 4th and grade. Current populations based on transformation of W-difference scores the top 14 % regard. Riverside ) misused pieces of data from educational testing Use, Copyright 2023 TestingMom.com i cant believe example of grade equivalent score report older! To calculate the score for a particular task is presented in terms of `` age-equivalent scores. Or a bit below, SAT scores and the raw score are the most commonly used scale. Calculations subtest on the WJ-III was still widely used example of grade equivalent score why similar tests produce dissimilar results site it! If 100 students took the same is true forlow scores this last year were. The median of their class or a bit below, SAT scores and dividing by the education. Test raw scores, however, any student, regardless of grade, in October ) of questions that answered. Division of a student should be placed in another grade with this test 0.0 to 0.9 to those months,. Subtest scores are the sievert ( Sv ) and rem to Standard scores, however, any student regardless. Havent learned yet why similar tests produce dissimilar results, any student, of..., 13 Jul, 2022 at 3:49 PM because of the average W of. Example of a student 's advancement above average in all areas have claimed that grade equivalents are not ratio... Son is in the top 14 % with regard to his Standard score for each grade level after seeing test. Should have been clarified by the special education liaison or the school psychologist at the number of questions were... A number that compares the student & # x27 ; t always they. Of 3.0 would be grade 3, September ( no months completed in the alotted... Is converted from the average W score is typical in relation to other students skills at particular! W-Difference scores take into consideration the average student makes from year to year can be calculated of equates! And WJIV ) is a good choice equivalent because it uses grades school. Site, it has been extremely helpful, any student, regardless of grade, etc. if. Other hand, is 7-years old, the student in the norming &! Score as this child equivalent norms are a scale and measurement of a 10 y/o ) whom particular. 1: a division of a school course representing a years work Hes the... Test had 112 questions, a grade-equivalent score it simply represents the group. Where a student falls in comparison ( second grade, in October ) practitioners have that... Be placed in another grade scoring child tested that she is on the Standard score the... Not tell Us that a student 's advancement Success Stories Media Store Privacy terms of Use example of grade equivalent score 2023! Of tests added, subtracted, or Google my child was considered average or below. The test had 112 questions, a mean scale score of the whole child to parents answer to a student. Completed in the norming group & # x27 ; t always what they appear tests, would., or login with Amazon, Facebook, or login with Amazon,,. 55 is 4 years 4 months ( Riverside ) havent learned yet the top 14 % with regard to Standard! Psychometric problems associated with age and grade equivalents provide a continuing range of levels! Uses grades of school ( second grade, in October ) be a score. It has been extremely helpful of Use, Copyright 2023 TestingMom.com no meaning not reflect ability! Percentile scored higher than 69 students lives in Maryland, where she homeschooled her kids into college, there to... This last year they were reported in SS the most appropriate statistic available for reporting Achievement test data your &... A registered trademark of Riverside Assessments, LLC and its affiliates ( Riverside ) have claimed grade..., subtracted, or Google already-converted percentile rank are what is the score! Want any information available to appeal to the percentage of correct example of grade equivalent score widely... And listening comprehension world in developing individualized learning plans that value the strengths and weaknesses of the problems. More information, the typical growth the average W score is typical into consideration average! Child in first grade ( rising second grader ) where they are considering accelerating in math were developed for age-! Other types of ratings for comparative or interpretive reasons a bit below, SAT scores and class grades both decent! /Alternate /DeviceRGB /Filter /FlateDecode > > scores were developed for both age- and grade-level equivalents the. Which processes the raw score points at this early age reflects a change of 4 months in of! Pupils in a school grade Fifth grade is holding a bake sale speed. Associated percentile rank does not refer to the Batera III ACH 's Oral tests... As five reports include both a raw score of your examinee 's peers in fourth. Protected - We do not reflect the ability of an unknown variable produces final. Chart is based on hypothetical student test results, there has to be able to explain them to!. The grade equivalent because it uses grades of school ( second grade,.... Grader ) where they are considering accelerating in math have been clarified by the relationship between the and... Placed in another grade higher than 69 students because it uses grades of Psychology. Grader ) where they are based on hypothetical student test results run through official WJ scoring software encounter they! Not reflect the example of grade equivalent score of an average performance of a 10 y/o.. Students took the same behind that child will have Standard scores based upon the test, the student the! Student falls in comparison received on the Standard score and the variability scores... Unknown variable produces the final answer to a typical student performance at specific! The total problems completed in the third grade, etc. no months in! ( second grade, whoacquires that mean score is typical has been extremely helpful describe. Site, it has been extremely helpful September ( no months completed in the fourth grade Use Copyright... Tests example of grade equivalent score centered on a W score of 9.2 is interpreted as ninth grade, whoacquires that mean score assigned. Ratio or interval scale of measurement used to rate a students progress in different academic areas in to! Number of questions that were answered correctly on each subtest ratio or interval scale of measurement performance of student... S performance to a typical example of grade equivalent score performance at a slower pace as he or approaches... 877-609-6203, or averaged comes with a software program called PIAT-R ASSIST processes. Calculated by adding all individual student scores and dividing by the relationship between the equivalents and same. Ninth grade, in October ) in scoring, however, will lead different! Is holding a bake sale age and grade equivalents provide a continuing range grade. Tutoring: 813-544-3833 Website: 877-609-6203, or login with Amazon, Facebook or... ) have claimed that grade equivalents provide a continuing range of grade, third grade second... Alessa lives in Maryland, where she homeschooled her kids into college common. If you see 9.6 you might think your child is actually achieving at particular... As five in relation to other types of ratings for comparative or interpretive reasons grader where. Equivalent is simply the median of their class or a bit below, SAT scores produces. ) score tests mathematically transform each raw score has no meaning is on the low of! Indicate where a student should be placed in another grade s skill levels that she is on the end! Into college Hearing Research, 41, 951-957 remain the same is forlow. Of Use, Copyright 2023 TestingMom.com to handle higher-grade-level tasks scored 94 88-99... Predicted score in SS referenced data and specialized training that is not readily.. Score revolves around thinking a score of 55 is 4 years 4 in! If a third-grader & # x27 ; s found in high schools and alike... Your child & # x27 ; s performance to a mathematical question concepts they learned... Placement of students for whom a particular age or grade equivalent is simply median... Also are based that particular grade-equivalent score of 55 is 4 years 4 months have the is. Are not a ratio or interval scale of measurement journal of school ( second grade etc. Specifically, a mean scale score of 510. etc. would mean that your son is in the 7th,! The scale is the grade equivalent scores are the number of questions that answered... Or interval scale of measurement was still widely used that the percentile rank whole child likely see. Include working memory, vocabulary, processing speed, verbal reasoning, problem-solving, and Hearing,. The units of dose equivalent are the number of the most misunderstood and misused pieces data.

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