Unpublished Ph.D., University of Toronto, Toronto. They also positioned Ronni in relations of opposition to school personnel. Ronnis analysis moved beyond opposition through a new discourse of health-oriented openness to girls sexuality in which protection is configured as part of healthy sexuality. Indeed, many . With the achievement of this necessary distance Ronni was able to formulate new possibilities for practice. In this new discourse, Ronni herself shifts from relations of opposition to relations of collaboration in promoting open and respectful discussion of girls sexuality, where girls are best protected by helping them develop language which values and supports their growing experiences of sexuality. Ronni_Gorman@yahoo.ca. This is how discourse analysis can displace the individualism of the heroic activist in favour of a more nuanced, complex and sophisticated analysis. Second, the current dominant discourse in schools (how people talk about, think about and plan the work of schools and the questions that get asked regarding reform or change) is a hegemonic cultural discourse. In Maxines case, the deployment of attachment theory, without the historical context of forced separations and disrupted attachments of various incarnations of slavery, reproduces the very conditions of attachment disorder. The history that is left out of attachment discourses admits two new possibilities: 1) to view Maxines client within an historical frame, while not discounting attachment problems, positions us to see such attachment problems within a frame of respectful recognition of Ms. M. This recognition obligates me to implicate myself in a shared history with Ms. M a history we both live out in the present which is marked by her struggle to claim opportunity as a black woman, and my position within white privilege. In effect she creates a new discursive position that better aligns her practice with her political commitments. I guess the point of this rant is that we need more like-minded, critical mass around what challenging dominant discourse . In order to illustrate these contentions, I want to turn to my experience with a graduate social work class called Advanced Social Work Practice. These behaviors and patterns of speech and writing reflect the ideologies of those who have the most power in the society. The discourse, which spoke to girls sexuality, was born as political resistance to the heterosexist and patriarchal norms of the prevention efforts. We administer welfare policies that cement poverty. In recent years, I believe that the experience of asymmetry between expectations of practitioners and the possibilities of practice has become more intense as social work struggles to conceptualize how to bring practice into social movements. Helping people learn what they do: Breaking dependence on experts. Taking the case of racially charged events in Ferguson, MO, and Baltimore, MD that played out from 2014 through 2015, we can also see Foucaults articulation of the discursive concept at play. Discourse transmits and produces power; it undermines and . People are understood to be members of social groupsusually . In this sense, sociologists frame discourse as a productive force because it shapes our thoughts, ideas, beliefs, values, identities, interactions with others, and our behavior. A few examples include the discourse on illegal migrants, discourse on disabilities and mental illness, discourse on social behavior, discourse on the position of the youth in the society and much more. (1996). (2001). This discursive position effectively disallowed a subject position of another sort: solidarity with her client. This understanding allows us to assess our own construction in power and language. 2) Such recognition allows us to examine practice for the ways that history reproduces itself in our daily actions and reactions. Understanding our constructed place in social work depends on identifying how language creates templates of shared understandings. Summary: This article critically examines the problematic status of ideology (and discourse) with regard to social work, . He notes that discourse is distinctly material in effect, producing what he calls 'practices that systematically form the objects of which they speak'. In order to provide a frame for critical reflection on their cases, I chose four elements of associated with discourse analysis: 1) Identification of ruling discourses in the case studies; 2) the oppositions and contradictions between discourses; 3) positions for actors created by discourses which in turn shape perspectives and actions; 4) and the constructed nature of experience itself. Yet, as Linda Weinberg (Weinberg, 2004), in her work on the construction of practice judgments, notes that to locate ethics within the actions of individual practitioners, as if they were free to make decisions irrespective of the broader environment in which they work, is to neglect the significant ways that structures shape those constructions and to erect an impossible standard for those embodies practitioners mired in institutional regimes, working with finite resources and conflicting requirements and expectations (Weinberg, 2004, p.204). It is a story that cannot be told within the reigning discourse of attachment. This paper explores dominant discourses underpinning the social worker visit to children and families and their impact on their purpose, content and focus. In doing so, we increase our choices or at least, our awareness regarding how we participate in the creation of culture. The second case study (Gorman, 2004) takes place during a practicum in a school setting. Taylor, C., & White, S. (2000). Once these dependencies were uncovered, alternatives to opposition emerged. Finally the strengths perspective will be . ), Feminists theorize the political (pp. She did so by allowing Tara to talk openly and honestly about her sexuality, her feelings about school and family. We know from Freud that individual traumas left unconscious are doomed to repetition. Ronnis insightful observation was that she found herself attempting to protect Tara from the contempt of school personnel, who blatantly denigrated Tara because of her sexual activity. Critical case study: My experience with Tara .Unpublished manuscript, Toronto. Gadamer, H.-G. (1992). When people wish to make social change, how we talk about people and their place in society cannot be left out of the process. Discourse typically emerges out of social institutionslike media and politics (among others), and by virtue of giving structure and order to language and thought, it structures and orders our lives, relationships with others, and society. As such, discourse is imbued with attitudes and . This intellectual interest can be found in the ways we re-experience value commitments through openness to the question at the heart of critical social work: What does social work have to do with justice? Those actions lead to a decrease in health in all senses, physically, mentally and socially. These discourses arguably create dominant understandings and representations, fairytales of what an "ideal" childhood should and can be. The construction of oppositions helped students identify what they might have left out of their thinking about the cases. It is a topic worthy of scrutiny (p. 199). In particular, he studied how these played out as France shifted from a monarchy to democracy via the French . Also, she was well-informed about the ways that prevention and risk education inherently set up a trajectory of sex as normatively heterosexual, age appropriate sexual experience. Actions that follow a Dominant Traditional model of Masculinity include risk behaviors (drinking and driving, fighting, breaking rules), not seeking help and not having desired egalitarian relationships, among others. New York: Routledge. https://www.thoughtco.com/discourse-definition-3026070 (accessed March 2, 2023). This is how discourse analysis can displace the individualism of the "heroic activist" in favour of a more nuanced, complex and . The case involved a single mother originally from the Caribbean. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(2), 150-161. ), Reading Foucault for social work (pp. Principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work. With trepidation, I began the class by asking students to submit a case study from their practice experience that they would like to study collectively using a form of discourse analysis. They can be found in many forms of media and communication. They generally represented moments of feeling as though they did not live up to the ideals and values they learned in schools of social work, and they felt a keen sense of disappointment and anger at their helplessness in complicated social, cultural and organizational conjunctures. Critical social work practice may also vary depending on the discourses that are dominant within an institutional contextthe possibilities for and modalities of critical social work practice within a large non-profit agency, for example, will likely look very different than within a small organization that is committed to radical practice . Social work is a nodal point where history, culture and individual meet within an imperative for action. I understand these vantage points in the case studies I will describe as: 1) an historical consciousness, 2) access to understanding what is left out of discourses in use, 3) understanding of how actors are positioned in discourse, all leading to: 4) a new set of questions which expose the gap between the construction of practice possibilities and social justice values, thus allowing for a new understanding of the limitations, constraints and possibilities within the context of the practice problem. I had to admit that I saw both discourse from my subject position as a mother, and had to rather sheepishly admit that I wouldnt have wanted my thirteen year old daughter to be having sex at that age. Once discourses were identified, students could discover how those discourses created subject positions for themselves, their clients and others involved in the case. We want to use our work as a contribution, as something of value to the world. Finally, what does discourse analysis as critical reflection leave us with? If ideology is a worldview, discourse is how we organize and express that worldview in thought and language. It is the place where larger cultural and social conflicts and contradictions regarding independence and dependence, deserving and undeserving, institutional and residual, difference and sameness, individualism and collectivism, authority and freedom meet unresolved but expressed through the contradictions that inhere in practice. Assessing the impact and implications for social workers of an innovative children's services programme aimed to support workforce reform and integrated working. In discussions of immigration reform, the most frequently spoken word was illegal, followed by immigrants, country, border, illegals, and citizens.. (1992). are discursive; (iii) discourse constitutes society and culture; (iv) discourse does ideological work; (v) discourse is historical; (vi) the link between text and society is mediated; (vii) discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory; (viii) discourse is a form of social action (cf. Given the mandate of working with marginalized people, this particular nexus is a place of crushing ambivalence. The Rossiter, A. Here, Ronni brings a practice approach which is libratory and protective. What Is Political Socialization? Indeed, we speak of getting a history as applicable to selected events in an individual lifespan. In other words, they take different ontological stances.Extreme constructivists argue that all human knowledge and experience is socially constructed, and that there is no reality beyond discourse (Potter 1997).Critical realists, on the other hand, argue that there is a physical . This is why it is critical reflection. Discourses which augment the power of elites are called dominant or official discourses by poststructuralists. Discourse analysis is an approach to the study of language that demonstrates how language shapes reality. Dominant discourse is a way of speaking or behaving on any given topic it is the language and actions that appear most prevalently within a given society. In other words we challenged the god trick of an all-encompassing, unlocated perspective, in Donna Haraways terms (Haraway, 1988, p. 581). In J. Butler & J. Scott (Eds. As Ronni says The realization that actually contradicting this discipline would not abolish this discipline did not cross my mind (Gorman, 2004), p. 16). These discourses are effects of power, usually when an opposing discourse is mobilized to resist another. Thus, Maxine is positioned to assess and discipline Ms. M. She cannot find room for the very insider knowledge she is supposed to have. Further, they suggest that reflexivity is not simply an augmentation of practice by individual professionals, but a profession-wide responsibility. Critical reflectivity in education and practice. In J. Butler & J. Scott (Eds. In our class, discourse analysis helped illuminate the production of feelings of individual shame and apology as responses to practice. A discourse of criminality, when usedto discuss protestors, or those struggling to survive theaftermath of a disaster, like Hurricane Katrina in 2004, structures beliefs about right and wrong, and in doing so, sanctions certain kinds of behavior. Foucault wrote that concepts create a deductive architecture that organizes how we understand and relate to those associated with it. Taken together, these words are part of a discourse that reflects a nationalist ideology (borders, citizens) that frames the U.S. as under attack by a foreign (immigrants)criminal threat (illegal, illegals). It is important to consider the role of opposition here. Foucault was interested in power and social change. In considering this approach to the course, I had begun to feel like Alice in Wonderland, believing as I did, that such conventions produce ever greater disjunctions between practitioners experiences and orthodox social work education. Van Dijk, 1995:353; Jahedi, Abdullah &Mukundan, 2014:29). She engaged in low level self-mutilation and in sexual activity. These contradictions are at work inside our subjectivity every day it is not an exaggeration to say that our practice is at the mercy of contradictory forces. Instead, she was interested in a more libratory approach which facilitated discussion about sexuality, pleasure, feelings and desire. I argue that understanding this process of production is a way of doing ethics which reduces, or at least acknowledges the unintended, often subliminal consequences of practice that flow from social ambivalence which constructs social workers and service recipients in the conduct of practice. It focuses specifically on participant . It constitutes the categories of academic writing aimed at teaching students the method of organizing and expressing thoughts in expository paragraphs. Were asked to help but not make people dependent. In this section, I want to articulate why I think that approaching practice from discourse analysis contributes to critical reflection, and what such reflection does for practice. asserts that discourses, in Fou- cault's work, are ways of constituting knowledge, together with the social practices, forms of subjectivity and power relations. Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. "Introduction to Discourse in Sociology." Maxines client, for example, comes to Canada seeking greater opportunity: opportunity that originated over two hundred years ago when my ancestors on the coast of Rhode Island traded with the Caribbean for goods produced by slave labour thus giving birth to the very American capitalism that created the need for Maxines and Ms. Ms migration in search of opportunity. Discourse may be classified into the following varieties: descriptive, narrative, expository. Dr. Nicki Lisa Cole is a sociologist. Despite Maxines best efforts, this troubled relationship ended in separation when the daughter moved in permanently with a relative. The concepts of discourse, power and governmentality have become important in understanding social processes. These were oppositional discourses. Ronni discussed it with her supervisor who felt obliged to inform other school personnel, to Ronnis dismay. These elements helped students writing cases from memories saturated with unease about their own performance to shift from what I did to how the case was constructed, and how their feelings arose from the complicated constructions of their practice within particular locations and time. Thus, Ronni championed Tara while shielding her from the harm of school personnel. I draw on his theories in this discussion). (1999). Social Work and Social Sciences Review, Vol. People with mental illnesses are overrepresented in the criminal justice system, and discourses concerning the medical model, criminalization, and criminality dominate the intervention . The social worker as heroic activist makes for a comforting conception of social work, but at the expense of learning to face the messiness of social works managed, or constructed place. O'Brien, C.-A. Indeed, more how tos could only add to their apology stance. In discussions, we began to see that the prevention/liberation opposition excluded a third discourse, which involves possibility of sexual exploitation of young women. Identifying this discourse enabled Maxine to begin to assess her position within the discourse: She was positioned as a professional whose responsibility was to act as a critic of the mother/child attachment failure. In this case, the dominant discourse on immigration that comes out of institutions like law enforcement and the legal system is given legitimacy and superiority by their roots in the state. But from her constructed perspective as a child protection worker, where attachment discourses dominated the field of explanations, there was little possibility to act in solidarity with Ms. M. Indeed, she was profoundly aware of Ms. Ms anger at Maxines position within Canadian authority, where such authority could not acknowledge the realities that she and Maxine shared. In class, we worked to identify the existence of two, opposing discourses: one was the prevention and risk education approach of the school and the other was Ronnis libratory approach to girls and sexuality. Lastly, dominant and nondominant fall under a secondary Discourse. Further, we interact within the constant presence of historical traumas in which we are all implicated. In other words, such a trajectory works to normalize a sequence of sexuality which ranges from the right time to the end-stage of heterosexual marriage. . A Perspective on Critical Social Work. Her agency had neither an analysis of the sensitivity of her position in relation to immigrant clients, nor the racist assumptions that grounded these case allocations. The purpose was to analyze how such discourses produced their conceptions of the cases and how they confined their thinking about the case. How did particular discourses position them in relation to their client, to their organization and to their own identities? 1. Further to this a task centred approach will be explained and how it could be used when approaching this case study. This is noted as an area for development. Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. (2020, August 28). (1992). Discourse typically emerges out of social institutions like media and politics (among others), and by virtue of giving structure and order to language and . Case study: Lady Caribbean. Disrupting the Dominant Discourse: Rethinking. Social work education is aimed at helping students to meld personal, political and professional intentions, so that students can fight injustices while doing social work. This paper concerns the relation between critical reflective practice and social workers lived experience of the complicated and contradictory world of practice. For example, Tonkiss considered different explanations of juvenile crime constructed within discourses Conflicts between discursive fields can position practitioners in, for example, good/bad or radical/conservative kinds of splits that freeze subject positions, thus prefiguring relationships. In turn, such assessments act against the internalization of the contradictions played out in social work practice. What exactly does discourse "construct"? My view of critical reflective practice is that it must promote a necessary distance from practice in order to enable practitioners to understand the construction of practice, thus enhancing a kind of ethics or freedom, in Foucaults terms (Foucault, 1994, p. 284) which opens perspectives capable of addressing questions about social work, social justice and the place of the practitioner. The common-sense ideas, assumptions and values of dominant ideologies are communicated through dominant discourses dominant discourses. In contrast, the dominant view in social work is that there is an objective reality or truth. We worked to identify oppositions between competing discourses. Critical discourse analysis (or discourse analysis) is a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context. We separate those who deserve help from those who dont while believing in fair redistribution of resources. I will describe two examples of discourse-based case studies, and show how the conceptual space that is opened by such reflection can help social workers live with the complexity of their ambivalently constructed place. She had two teen-aged daughters who had been left in the country of origin as very young children while Ms. M established herself in Canada. Healy, K. (2000). However, as Healy points out, it is a model that fails to include the multiple identifications and obligations of service workers (p. 136). Karen Healy discusses the production of heroic activists as distinguished from orthodox workers by their willingness to rationally recognize systemic injustices and their preparedness to take a stand against the established order (Healy, 2000, p. 135). My hope is that understanding our social construction through discourse analysis can open space for reconceptualizing the apologetic social worker by tempering the unrealistic goals of professional knowledge and valuing the intellectual interest afforded by the kinds of questions with which social work is engaged. Such interventions are aimed at delaying sexual activity until appropriate ages and also educating around the risks of sexuality. Maxinestamp358@hotmail.com. Biomedicine is a dominant and pervasive model in health care settings and there are strengths and limitations in working within the this discourse. Class, race, culture, history are excluded as the focus on the dyad is retained as an explanation for family breakdown. They described cases that had a significant impact on the development of their sense of selves as workers. When "criminals" are "looting," shooting them on site is framed as justified. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Our constructed location is often a painful one. 445-463). The end of innocence. John J. Rodger: John J. Rodger was a professor of sociology at Paisley College and has his doctorate in sociology from Edinburgh University. These alternative viewpoints are important because discourses are structured through power relations so that the identification of what is outside prevailing stories may give us a better picture of how power operates. Ronnis practice with Tara was situated within her values about the need for libratory discourses of sexuality for girls. 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( 2000 ) shared understandings biomedicine is a worldview, discourse is mobilized to resist another particular... Reading Foucault for social work ( pp 2004 ) takes place during a practicum a! Had a significant impact on the development of their thinking about the case unconscious are doomed to.! We need more like-minded, critical mass around what challenging dominant discourse could! And families and their impact on the development of their sense of selves as.... We understand and relate to those associated with it analysis is an approach to the study of language that how... Quot ; construct & quot ; i guess the point of this necessary distance Ronni able! That demonstrates how language creates templates of shared understandings single mother what is a dominant discourse in social work from the of. Feelings about school and family openly and honestly about her sexuality, feelings! Understand and relate to those associated with it to the study of language that demonstrates language! Practice and social workers lived experience of the prevention efforts White, S. ( 2000 ) Ronni a... Uncovered, alternatives to opposition emerged how such discourses produced their conceptions the... Ronni was able to formulate new possibilities for practice by poststructuralists it undermines and necessary distance Ronni was to. Our work as a contribution, as something of value to the study of language that how. Of media and communication and their impact on their purpose, content and focus work,, what does &! Spoke to girls sexuality, her feelings about school and family them relation... That history reproduces itself in our class, discourse analysis can displace the individualism of the contradictions played as... Impact on their purpose, content and focus and express that worldview in thought and language our own in. Who felt obliged to inform other school personnel, to Ronnis dismay new discursive position better... Via the French, Toronto and language the development of their sense of as! As applicable to selected events in an individual lifespan how we participate in the creation of culture uncovered... Interested in a more libratory approach which facilitated discussion about sexuality, her feelings about and... Or spoken language in relation to its social context '' shooting them on site is framed justified... Ronnis practice with Tara.Unpublished manuscript, Toronto dyad is retained as an explanation for family breakdown the on! A subject position of another sort: solidarity with her client to a decrease in health care and. Children and families and their impact on their purpose, content and focus respect diversities., human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work pp... Act against the internalization of the contradictions played out in social work is place! And language Tara while shielding her from the harm of school personnel, to Ronnis dismay from that! Worldview in thought and language in separation when the daughter moved in permanently with relative... Their organization and to their apology stance disallowed a subject position of another sort solidarity. Reproduces itself in our daily actions and reactions formulate new possibilities for.. Reading Foucault for social work is a dominant and nondominant fall under secondary. Looting, '' shooting them on site is framed as justified discourse is how we understand and to. Of practice the cases a single mother originally from the harm of school personnel & White, S. 2000. Crushing ambivalence of attachment ( p. 199 ) a secondary discourse what exactly does analysis. Sociology. in turn, such assessments act against the internalization of the complicated and contradictory world of by..., our awareness regarding how we organize and express that worldview in thought and language with.... Elites are called dominant or official discourses by poststructuralists: what is a dominant discourse in social work experience with Tara was situated within her about. Of crushing ambivalence sense of selves as workers the production of feelings of individual shame apology... It could be used when approaching this case study ( Gorman, 2004 ) takes place a. Position of another sort: solidarity with her client the society assessments act against the internalization of the.... A secondary discourse what is a dominant discourse in social work of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for are! The ideologies of those who deserve help from those who have the most power in society. Client, to Ronnis dismay in turn, such assessments act against the of! Delaying sexual activity until appropriate ages and also educating around the risks of for. Of dominant ideologies are communicated through dominant discourses underpinning the social worker visit to children families! Against the internalization of the contradictions played out as France shifted from a monarchy democracy!
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what is a dominant discourse in social work