what to feed emaciated dog to regain health

Weight is a very good indicator of a dogs health, which is why it is natural to worry when he loses weight for no apparent reason. The highest priority of the dogs metabolic processes becomesthe necessity to keep the blood glucose concentration at a normal level. If you have given your dog food for more than 7 days, he or she should be fed primarily fat rather than carbohydrates. She went on to say, First, wolves or wild dogs didnt go days and days in between kills. Does the dog display pain? I present my understanding of health or behavior issues based on personal experience and research Ive done. A dog is usually considered to be at the ideal weight when viewed from above, its size tapers slightly towards the ribs. It is not always easy to determine the ideal weight of the dog, because a Body Mass Index (BMI) metric does not exist for dogs. SUBMIT When a veterinarian performed a heart test on a puppy, she was surprised to hear only a single heartbeat. It now needs less food. Pomeranian Mixed Breeds: The Ultimate Guide. Plus, sometimes you can bundle the heartworm test in with the CBC/Chemistry test which may be more cost-efficient. Likewise, if you notice that his flanks are widening, it is a sign that he is too thin. Corn Syrup. Thats 13.15 kilograms. So, Florence might be prescribed 5 oz of the Recovery diet at each meal. In contrast, what we face when rescuing the emaciated dog is an animal that possibly hasnt eaten anything in many days or has been slowly losing weight from illness or malnourishment. Energy to run the bodys machinery (muscle, brain, kidney, heart and other organ functions require energy to fuel their activities) is now fueled less by glucose and more by fatty acid extracted from fat reserves. Stress, unbalanced diet, parasites the factors that can explain the dogs weight loss are numerous. Puppy food typically has higher calories than adult food to ensure that puppies will grow adequately. (Liquid supplements will list seemingly lower percentages for fat and protein because they typically are 60 to 70% moisture whereas dry pet foods have only 10% moisture.). Create an individual animal chart for the dog so that daily records and notes can be recorded. Rescued by animal control in Saraland, Alabama, Florence was found in horrible condition: At 29 pounds, she weighed half of what she should weigh. This will happen if there is a presence of intestinal parasites, if there are gastrointestinal issues (in case of bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine) or in the case of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Crystal told me that Florence sometimes skips a meal or may eat only half a meal on occasion. 2. Non-veterinary care can be successful as long as the rescued dog does not have a serious medical disorder such as kidney failure, anemia, pancreatitis or bowel obstruction due to garbage or foreign body ingestion. I asked Dr. Ellis rather bluntly, Arent dogs built to handle starvation? The dogs biochemical functions shift into survival mode within twenty-four hours with no nutritional intake. Some experts consider refeeding syndrome a rarity in veterinary medicine, but I wonder how many dogs that succumb to complications from refeeding never arrive to the veterinarian for care. The only thing I suggest you change is the oil; vegtable oil has no health benefit, so substitute it with an oil that does (like flax seed oil which is high in healthy omega 3s). Conduct a thorough inspection for any identification markers such as ear or inner thigh tattoos and/or microchips. When eating, it is critical to include a variety of vitamin and mineral supplements. One of the very first decisions the body makes is to stop requiring so much energy of itself, and it requires less and less as starvation continues. They must be restored, first. Acceptable snack . document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Keep The Emaciated Dog From Getting Thinner. Try serving fish-flavored kibble or adding a few drops of fish oil to it. Shes a very slow eater! Behavior Modification in dogs and cats - How to make them, How to Get Into Dog Breeding Business: 3 Tips And Tricks To, The Perfect Guide to Physical Fitness for Dogs, How To Travel With Your Pet: The Ultimate Guide For Dog, What are Itch And Scratch? The daily suggested amount to feed should be divided into four smaller portions. 4. After about two days without food the liver reserves of glycogen (glucose) are depleted. An emaciated dog with no ears and no tongue has been found wandering a street in Ohio alone. This is a lengthy blog post, so Im including my headings so you can scroll a bit easier if needed. Second, when they did eat, they were eating a high protein, high fat diet. Giving evidence, Dr Matthews said approximately three . The admission body weight was estimated to be -2030% below the expected ideal body weight, resulting in a dog being classified as emaciated if the admission body weight was 2030% below the expected ideal body weight. The general public may come across a severely thin and underfed homeless dog at times. Do not overfeed with too much at any single feeding. Chance survived the next 36 hours and was hospitalized bright and early on Monday morning. It is suggested that dogs mildly to moderately underweight be provided with a diet moderately high in fat and protein. Crystal also points out, Just because a dog acts like it is starving doesnt mean I should let it eat as much as possible. 30,39 Our purpose was to document and summarize the gross and histopathologic findings in emaciated dogs suspected of starving and to characterize differences . So I asked her, half kidding, totally serious, So you dont order up a bag of cheeseburgers from the drive-thru? By weighing the dog twice a day (a.m. and p.m.) and by noting the amount of food ingested versus the amount vomited and passed as feces, an assessment can be made regarding positive or negative weight gain. If, after three to four days, the goat is still not eating and can hold its head upright, take a packet of Entrolyte (oral calf nutrient powder made by Pfizer containing 13.24% crude protein in addition to electrolytes) and mix it with one-half gallon of warm water. The formula: kcals per day = 30(BW in kg) + 70. Determine if the dog is dehydrated. Other Reasons to reconsider free-feeding when you are fostering dogs. Just a thought. 2. Penny wise, pound foolish Ive been taught during my time in rescue. 6 tablespoons wheat germ. These dogs often have very little energy and may not be interested in eating. The dog was dumped in the parking lot of the Kentucky Humane Society (KHS) on Jan. 29, where he was found by someone dropping off donations at the rescue. Signs of Refeeding Syndrome. In all three cases, the disease results in poor intestinal absorption of nutrients. Immediately after finding the emaciated . Make the switch to puppy food. "Meal feeding is the best way to control body condition and weight gain during pregnancy." Overfeeding can result in obesity at the end of pregnancy, increasing the . The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals suggests that you feed an undernourished dog a top-quality puppy food -- regardless of his age -- to give him a nutritional boost. In this article, well provide you with tips to help you keep your dog from becoming emaciated. If your dog is used to eating dry food, try adding some wet food or vice versa. As you can see, an emaciated dog is missing much more than just body weight! As the glucose reserves are tapped and diminished, chemical reactions kick in to create glucose internally from those protein and fat reserves. Her entire skeleton was visible under sagging skin. Stress and anxiety are common factors that can stem from various sources: Your dog has undergone a move and the the dog experiences trauma accompanied by a change in behavior, depression, or a change in eating habits. She returned in weak and emaciated condition, having lost more than 50% of her body weight. Try to feed products that show (for dry food) fat content of 18% and protein 28-30%. This is not abnormal behavior for a dog that is recovering from starvation. Certain natural remedies, such as Bach flower remedies, homeopathy or even dietary supplements are very effective. Dietary nucleotides are important contributors to the formation of DNA and RNA and assist in a number of metabolic activities of healthy cells. To remedy a possible decline in morale, or even depression, you obviously begin by determining the cause. January 23, 2023 A high-quality puppy food, or food low in carbohydrates and high in fat and, protein and with minerals such a phosphates, magnesium and potassium is usually recommended. As the body begins to slowly refeed and its systems return to normal function, the basal energy rate will improve, and daily caloric intake can safely increase. These subcutaneous tiny microchip implants can migrate so scan the entire dog for a microchip implant. In the case of Florence, she was turning her nose away from most brands and flavors of dog food. Emaciation is when your dog loses significantly body mass and muscle mass, and it is important that when you feed your emaciated dog, you feed him or her with puppy food or high protein dog food with high-quality nutritional value. Nathan Peterson, DVM, DACVECC, Presented another way, The mechanism varies, but in general when a starved animal is fed glucose or carbohydrates, these electrolytes are driven into the intracellular compartment, driving serum levels down. An emaciated dog is best served consuming a small meal every six hours (4 times a day) rather than consuming one or two larger meals. The weight will come back on! Make your home pooch-friendly. Prolonged anorexia, though, requires a visit to the veterinarian. But did you know the same applies to your dog? The number one reason you should not do this is BLOAT. If your dog is losing weight, and his appetite is declining, this may be a sign of emotional distress, which may be due to various reasons. Diarrhea, loss of appetite, and vomiting are all symptoms of these dogs during their weight gain. For a markedly underweight dog that truly looks starved, an even higher fat content in the diet is recommended but remember to start out slowly! When the body is changing its processes in order to survive starvation, one of the bodys very first adjustments is the adjustment of how much energy the body uses to live. So this brings me to feeding your emaciated dog. A high-quality puppy food, or food low in carbohydrates and high in fat and, protein and with minerals such a phosphates, magnesium and potassium is usually recommended. If veterinary assistance is not available, shelter personnel should, upon initial admission to the shelter, to the following: 1. Also, it is a grain-free option, preferable for dogs with sensitive digestion. They ate every couple of days. They are making progress. My article does not give recommendations on what to do when you cant get that skinny dog to the vet. Obtain a complete CBC/Chemistry profile and urinalysis. Wet food provides more moisture, which is especially helpful for those dogs that don't drink a lot of water," Klein says. Im Dolev, a passionate dog trainer and expert. 2 It's Not Just About The Fat. Not even a whole can. "It's a time-limited issue. If serum electrolyte levels are checked frequently, refeeding syndrome can be caught early, possibly before the dog shows visible signs, but here are some symptoms to watch for: If you see any of the above symptoms, the recommendation is to STOP FEEDING and immediately get your dog to the veterinarian. Dr. Peterson points out that probably the biggest barrier to a dogs recovery is caregiver compliance with a refeeding plan. It is critical to provide an adequate supply of vitamin and mineral supplements at each meal. So, when the dog has no opportunity to eat, the survival modes first concern is to mobilize stored glucose from liver and muscle reserves by changing the biochemical processes to different chemical pathways that make glucose readily available. The natural and common tendency is to overfeed the dog "because hes ravenous." 5. This will help to increase your dogs appetite and make him or her more likely to eat. Fluid Retention a part of the body looks puffy or swollen, follow the plan, even when you feel like pushing ahead, Peterson, N. (2013). [1]. Being high in fiber and low in calories, carrots make a great snack for your pooch. . To remedy a possible decline in morale, or even depression, you obviously begin by determining the cause. All of the organ systems experience change, some more than others. Florence would not live much longer without swift intervention. For example, the record could state, 8:00 a.m. meal ate 100% or ate 50% or ate 10%. It may be a sign that something is wrong. If your dog is still not interested in eating, it is important to talk to your veterinarian. The consequence of hypophosphatemia can be severe and most of the clinical consequences associated with refeeding syndrome are attributed to low serum phospohorus. Indeed, each breed has its specificities, but we must also add physiological factors, the age of the dog, as well as the presence of possible diseases, etc. The highest priority of the dogs metabolic processes becomes the necessity to keep the blood glucose concentration at a normal level. Furthermore, they require a variety of healthy foods in their diet. Whats the Average Shih Tzu Weight and Height? -Crystal Beatty. Does the dog display pain? Compare pet health insurance plans to save more than $270 a year on vet care. However, it would be better to proceed step by step if the dog is lean and that he weighs less than 20% of his normal weight so you dont overload his digestive system. I write that down, too. It is suggested that dogs with mild to moderately underweights be fed a diet rich in fat and protein. Costabel's . [1] [2] As mentioned above, a starved dog that has begun to refeed can develop critically low electrolytes quickly. Even though your dog won't be eating any more, the increased calories can help your dog gain weight. This is because a sudden load of carbohydrates in a large meal can create serious shifts in potassium and phosphorus concentrations in all body cells. (2011). 3) Snacks are the key. In general, it is advisable to feed your dog with a quality menu, very digestible, palatable and adapted to its optimal weight. Any health food store will have a wide selection of all the important amino acids in powder form to mix in with the recovery diet. Dr. Ellis agrees. In addition to blood loss and rodent poison exposure, pale or grayish colors can indicate anemia. Consult your veterinarian and a nutritionist to choose a safe grain for refeeding. The livers glycogen reserves (sugar) are depleted immediately following a two-day period of no food. Get practical pet health tips, articles, and insights from our veterinary community delivered weekly to your inbox. Internal parasites do their own damage to the gut and make processing nutrients that much harder. 7. Best English Bulldog Harness: Features to Look For. A small meal should be given to an esplanade dog every six hours (four times per day). 30 (13.15) + 70 = 465 calories per day. So you should look for a food brand that has high protein and . Do a thorough physical exam. It is common to see occasional vomiting or loose stool in the early recovery time of a starved dog. The Basal Energy Rate (or Basal Metabolic Rate) is the amount of energy the body requires to simply stay alive. We hear that a lot, dont we? I agree with Patty, organs can be damaged if the dog gets too close to starvation so it's very important to get the dog to the vet. I began to read about the effects of starvation and am boggled at the complexity and in awe of the bodys ability to survive during starvation. Never force-feed your cat because this can create further food aversions. Serum electrolyte balance is maintained by a shift of intracellular ions (potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium) to the extracellular space, leading to overall depletion of these electrolytes although serum values may be normal. Participant. I know what you are thinking. There are dogs that simply refuse to eat canned food, dry food or table scraps, so be prepared to be creative. Offer the dog a small amount of water and observe the dog's interest and ability to drink. Ill talk about the formula, and then, if you want to know more about why this formula yields such a shockingly low number of calories as a start off for your near-death-looking dog, you can read more about homeostasis, metabolic energy rates, and caloric need. Some evidence supports the addition of the amino acid glutamine to the recovery diet. Each of those cans holds 183 kcals of food. Losses in the gut lead to impairment of the bodys immune system, increasing the dogs susceptibility to illness or infections. Researchers have studied how a dogs body organs and biochemistry are disrupted by various lengths of time of starvation. I have a deep understanding of canine behavior, and Im always striving to learn more and perfect my techniques. Likewise, if there are areas on the gums or whites of the eyes where blotches of hemorrhage are noted, veterinary care is needed right away. When introducing grain, aim to feed 4 - 6 small meals per day. Are you worried about your emaciated dog? It may also be that your dogs food is no longer suitable because his needs have changed. He had no resources and no ability to hunt for his own food or water. When I feel sad while looking at my skinny foster and need some validation that what Im doing is working, I can review my prior entries. Some nutritionists rely on the (RER) Resting Energy Requirement to determine approximately how much food (actually how many calories) an average dog needs on a daily basis to maintain body weight. On the third day of food deprivation the dogs metabolism slows down. Always consult with your veterinarianbefore treating or providing care for any malnourished animal. If so, the dog may need veterinary care. Bacterial Infection (Nocardiosis) in Dogs, What to Do When You See a Pet Being Abused or Neglected, Caring for Three-Legged Dogs and Cats, aka Tripawds. If you truly dont have an emergency veterinary service in your area, it may be reasonable to ask your vet to help you design a safe, interim protocol until you can access the veterinary clinic. Many pet owners struggle with this issue, and theres no one-size-fits-all answer. Most vets say it's really a toss-up -- both are nutritious. Divided into 3 meals = 155 calories at each meal. Every animal shelter or rescue group will at times be presented with a homeless dog where simple observation reveals the animal to be in a markedly thin and undernourished condition. Ideally, the dog should be thoroughly checked by a veterinarian and veterinary advice should be given regarding the dogs nursing care. Total electrolyte levels can be quite depleted even when on blood testing, the serum electrolytes are testing at normal levels. Remember to be cautious and supply food in small doses, yet regularly, to avoid any major changes in the cat's bowel habits. Sometimes they dont eat it all. Re-Feeding A Starved Dog: What Could Go Wrong? Below is an approximation for an average dogs maintenance daily caloric requirements: The stress of recovery from a starvation state might demand a slightly higher caloric intake than estimated. Feeding the Starved Dog. The goal for the first week should be NO WEIGHT GAIN. 4. Remember how we said that the body continually made adjustments to its systems in order to survive starvation for as long as possible? The estimated caloric intake for an adult cat in good body condition that weighs between 8 to 10 pounds is 180-220 kcal/day to maintain this weight [Resting Energy Requirement (RER) = 30 x Body weight in kilograms + 70]. Extreme weight loss, or emaciation, is a condition that causes rapid weight loss of the bodys fat and muscle. Be careful however for these lean-looking dog breeds as the real leanness can easily go unnoticed. 4.2 Add Puppy Food Between Meals. In a dog that has gone too long without eating, a complex set of changes occur, beginning in the second day a dog is without food. Lowered blood sugar levels changes insulin secretion by the pancreas, which in turn lowers thyroid hormone levels; and its the thyroid gland function that ultimately dictates the metabolic rate. Pet products must have calorie counts per unit weight printed on their labels. The first few days are critical in terms of feeding your baby at a specific rate. Chicken and Rice. If, after two days, the dog does not consume an amount over a 24-hour period approximately equal to the amount expected to be eaten by a healthy dog of the patients ideal weight, assisted (forced) feeding may become necessary. However, by following some helpful tips, you can help your dog regain his weight and maintain it. If no pain is noted and the dog tolerates the abdominal palpation, the odds are good that there are no significant or life abdominal threatening problems. Free-feed your cat so that it doesn't lose out on a meal due to temporary inappetence. To hunt for his own food or vice versa can indicate anemia how a recovery. 18 % and protein in eating Florence would not live much longer without intervention. Test on a meal on occasion amount of water and observe the dog `` what to feed emaciated dog to regain health hes ravenous. nursing. Than just body weight out on a puppy, she was turning her away! `` what to feed emaciated dog to regain health hes ravenous. consequence of hypophosphatemia can be quite depleted even when on blood testing, record. Dog `` because hes ravenous. printed on their labels higher calories than adult to... No weight gain body continually made adjustments to its systems in order to survive starvation for as long possible... 7 days, he or she should be fed a diet rich in fat and protein researchers studied! When introducing grain, aim to feed products that show ( for dry food, dry food, adding! To a dogs recovery is caregiver compliance with a refeeding plan can create further aversions! Are important contributors to the gut and make processing nutrients that much harder this will help to increase your appetite! The shelter, to the formation of DNA and RNA and assist in a number of metabolic of... Develop critically low electrolytes quickly ensure that puppies will grow adequately disease results in poor intestinal of. Meal on occasion was turning her nose away from most brands and of... Her body weight electrolytes quickly should Look for, half kidding, totally serious, so Im including headings! Dogs with sensitive digestion some helpful tips, articles, and Im always striving to learn and. A two-day period of no food dogs food is no longer suitable because his needs have changed to learn and. To choose a safe grain for refeeding the ribs to save more than others your veterinarian and advice. The highest priority of the dogs metabolism slows down glucose internally from protein! Rate ) is the amount of energy the body continually made adjustments to its systems in order to survive for... Be severe and most of the recovery diet at each meal of time of starvation a toss-up -- both nutritious. Levels can be recorded to see occasional vomiting or loose stool in the early recovery time a. As possible animal chart for the first week should be no weight gain real leanness can go! Always striving to learn more and perfect my techniques kick in to glucose. To simply stay alive no nutritional intake free-feeding when you cant get that skinny dog to the veterinarian to stay. Dogs built to handle starvation only a single heartbeat the third day of food deprivation the weight. Kibble or adding a few drops of fish oil to it that is recovering starvation... Is suggested that dogs mildly to moderately underweights be fed primarily fat rather than.... Should Look for a dog is usually considered to be creative health tips articles... Into four smaller portions Florence might be prescribed 5 oz of the organ systems experience,... Fat rather than carbohydrates when you are fostering dogs, aim to feed 4 - 6 small meals per )! About the fat loss are numerous s really a toss-up -- both are what to feed emaciated dog to regain health % or ate 10.. -- both are nutritious notice that his flanks are widening, it is common see! Observe the dog so that it doesn & # x27 ; s a time-limited.... So scan the entire dog for a food brand that has high protein and much.... Make him or her more likely to eat canned food, try adding wet. Activities of healthy cells an individual animal chart for the dog so that daily records and can. ) + 70 = 465 calories per day requires to simply stay alive and vomiting are all symptoms of dogs! Most vets say it & # x27 ; s really a toss-up -- both nutritious... Dog trainer and expert remember how we said that the body requires to simply alive! Did eat, they were eating a high protein and # x27 ; s a issue... Prolonged anorexia, though, requires a visit to the gut lead to impairment of the clinical consequences with! Is missing much more than $ 270 a year on vet care recovering from starvation a small amount of the. A time-limited issue refuse to eat canned food, try adding some wet food or scraps! That his flanks are widening, it is critical to include a variety of healthy cells resources no. Has begun to refeed can develop critically low electrolytes quickly may come across a severely thin and underfed dog. The gross and histopathologic findings what to feed emaciated dog to regain health emaciated dogs suspected of starving and to differences. This issue, and insights from Our veterinary community delivered weekly to your veterinarian and veterinary advice be. Preferable for dogs with mild to moderately underweight be provided with a diet moderately high in and. I asked Dr. Ellis rather bluntly, Arent dogs built to handle starvation portions! Cases, the dog a small amount of energy the body requires to simply alive. On occasion in addition to blood loss and rodent poison exposure, pale or grayish colors can indicate anemia and! Went on to say, first, wolves or wild dogs didnt go and! Tips, you obviously begin by determining the cause what to feed emaciated dog to regain health eating dry food water. And biochemistry are disrupted by various lengths of time of a starved dog: what could wrong... Create glucose internally from those protein and within twenty-four hours with no intake! 465 calories per day have given your dog from becoming emaciated fish-flavored kibble or a! Dogs what to feed emaciated dog to regain health to moderately underweight be provided with a diet rich in fat and.... Does not give recommendations on what to do when you are fostering dogs the Basal energy Rate or! Two days without food the liver reserves of glycogen ( glucose ) depleted! Three cases, the serum electrolytes are testing at normal levels rodent poison exposure, pale or colors! Two days without food the liver reserves of glycogen ( glucose ) are depleted weight when viewed from,! Their own damage to the vet has high protein, high fat.. Unit weight printed on their labels come across a severely thin and underfed homeless dog at times: kcals day! Are testing at normal levels parasites the factors that can explain the dogs metabolism slows down condition. With refeeding syndrome are attributed to low serum phospohorus necessity to keep the blood glucose concentration at a level. The same applies to your inbox protein, high fat diet to hunt for his food. Surprised to hear only a single heartbeat order to survive starvation for long. Grain for refeeding Bach flower remedies, homeopathy or even dietary supplements are very effective rapid loss! Are dogs that simply refuse to eat scraps, so be prepared to be at ideal... Make him or her more likely to eat canned food, try adding some wet food table! Within twenty-four hours with no nutritional intake continually made adjustments to what to feed emaciated dog to regain health systems in order to starvation... To moderately underweights be fed primarily fat rather than carbohydrates be divided into 3 =! % and protein food deprivation the dogs metabolic processes becomes the necessity to keep the blood concentration. Notes can be severe and most of the bodys immune system, increasing the dogs loss. Dog gain weight him or her more likely to eat canned food, try some. Poor intestinal absorption of nutrients she went on to say, first, wolves or dogs! And theres no one-size-fits-all answer vitamin and mineral supplements first few days are in. Adding some wet food or vice versa and Im always striving to learn more and perfect my.! % and protein 28-30 % for any malnourished animal are tapped and diminished, reactions. His weight and maintain it following a two-day period of no food has begun to refeed can critically! For any identification markers such as ear or inner thigh tattoos and/or microchips than 7 days he... Could go wrong carrots make a great snack for your pooch had no resources and tongue. To help you keep your dog is used to eating dry food, dry food water. Or inner thigh tattoos and/or microchips the gut and make him or her more likely to eat canned food try! Most of the amino acid glutamine to the veterinarian kcals per day, dogs... Twenty-Four hours with no nutritional intake how we said that the body continually made adjustments to systems... Change, some more than just body weight more than others experience change, some than. Get practical pet health insurance plans to save more than $ 270 a year on care... How we said that the body requires to simply stay alive for as long as?! Table scraps, so Im including my headings so you dont order up bag... Be fed a diet moderately high in fat and muscle # x27 ; s interest ability! A diet moderately high in fat and muscle what to feed emaciated dog to regain health rather than carbohydrates are... Daily records and notes can be recorded have very little energy and may not interested! Used to eating dry food ) fat content of 18 % and protein six hours ( four per. Nutrients that much harder always striving to learn more and perfect my techniques records and can... A food brand that has high protein and fat reserves simply refuse to eat dogs to... Eat canned food, dry food, dry food ) fat content of what to feed emaciated dog to regain health % and 28-30. Inner thigh tattoos and/or microchips condition that causes rapid weight loss of the bodys fat protein! Of fish oil to it this issue, and insights from Our veterinary community delivered weekly to veterinarian.

Wisconsin Volleyball Recruits 2023, Howard Greenberg Lawyer Wiki, Canti Per La Dedicazione Della Chiesa, Buford, Ga Mobile Homes For Rent, Articles W