what proof was whiskey in the 1800s

21 By the 1870s, the temperance movement exerted great influence in American life and culture, as this example illustrates. Yet it is undeniable that prohibition has in some respects been signally successful. Stitzel, Glenmore, Schenley, Brown-Forman, National Distillers, and Frankfort Distilleries--and these companies were allowed to store whiskey and sell it to licensed druggists, who in turn, could mete it out to customers who had a doctors prescription. This was, after all, the first time that Washington had ever enforced federal law in the United States, and in order to persuade men to fight their fellow countrymen, Washington needed to prove he was a strong leader. However, they had to contend with a certain Dr. Wiley, head of the Bureau of Chemistry, a part of the Department of Agriculture, and a true believer in straight whiskey. Whiskeys made at this distillery include Very Old Barton, Ten High, Kentucky Gentleman, Colonel Lee, Tom Moore, and Barclays. Its interesting to note just how much the whiskey business helped the war effort at this time. Frederick and Philip Stitzel built their first distillery in Louisville in 1872. Whiskey has always been stored in wooden casks, but not always for very long, and not always in charred barrels. Think about this: Early farmers, from time to time, must have had a bumper crop of grains. Fortunately, however, the government rethought their actions when they realized that much of the whiskey being consumed at the time wasnt being taxed at all. Robert Samuels (Makers Mark Bourbon) arrived in Kentucky in 1780 and probably set up his still shortly thereafter. But it wasnt until the following year that Carry Nation actually wielded the hatchet that became her trademark when she destroyed a saloon in Wichita. George Ade, author of The Old Time Saloon, noted that, in Chicago, once a saloon keeper got his license, he would throw the key to his bar into Lake Michigan so that his doors could never again be locked. ), The farmers simply chopped down a few trees from their land, got the local cooper to make some sturdy barrels (every self-respecting settlement had a cooper or two since barrels were used to store and transport most products, from foodstuffs to hardware, at that time), and after bartering as much as possible with his immediate neighbors, he could easily send off a wagon load of whiskey to thirsty buyers further afield. And north. Tennessee whiskey undergoes a charcoal filtering process called the Lincoln County . The Whiskey Ring agents claimed to have a higher purpose in their treachery; they told distillers that the dollars they collected were going into a special fund to help re-elect Grant. Leslie Samuels (Makers Mark) reopened his Deatsville distillery in 1933, and sold T. W. Samuels bourbon (named for the first Samuels to open a commercial distillery). But 21 years had passed since Prohibition had taken such wonderful, big-bodied, rich, flavorful whiskeys away from the public. Frenchman Jean Pierre Brissot wrote of his 1788 trip to Boston (Nouveau Voyage dans les tats-Unis de lAmrique septentrionale, 1791), The rum distilleries are on the decline since the suppression of the slave trade, in which this liquor was employed. Then, in 1807, the Embargo Act restricted the importation of molasses from British ports, and the following year, the importation of slaves was made illegal altogether, completely destroying the triangle trade among the U.S., Africa, and the West Indies. The biggest whiskey company was the National Distillers Products Corporation, a reputable company formed in the 1920s that was an indirect offshoot of the disreputable Whiskey Trust of the late nineteenth century. One embarrassment was Jay Gould and James Fisks 1869 attempt to corner the gold market. When whiskey is first distilled it is clear--it looks exactly like vodka. The glassware and packaging for "The Ancients" was supposed to be unique and eye-catching and indeed, it was. They had found that by using only the center cut of their distillate, and returning the end of the run back to the still for redistillation (a method still practiced today), they could remove unwanted bitter flavors from their whiskey. proof). But not until 1870 would the company headed by George Garvin Brown (Old Forester) sell its whisky (without the e) only in sealed bottles. According to William L. Downard, author of the Dictionary of the History of the American Brewing and Distilling Industries, Peorias whiskey business was an offshoot of the citys active grain mills--surpluses were used to make whiskey. Fact was, that by passing on the taxes to the general public, whiskey had become too expensive for the common man. He made whiskey using corn as the predominant grain, he insisted on aging it in charred casks, and he used a sour-mash starter. And at times, the reverse is true--whiskey has affected the nation itself. Was this a blended whiskey? Back in 1850, both Old Pepper and Old Crow whiskeys were made at the same distillery. It is estimated that, although relatively little wine or beer was poured during Prohibition, consumption of the hard stuff actually increased by more than 15 percent per person. Even by 1939 when Charles H. Baker Jr.s excellent book, The Gentlemans Companion, was published, the author noted that vodka was unnecessary to medium or small bars.. To a large extent, it worked. Even before the turn of the century, the rum business had been winding down. The book is full of questions and answers on many different subjects, one of them being: Q: Why are water and wine casks charred on the inside? Some distillers are resting comfortably, knowing that they have been producing fine heavy-bodied whiskeys all along, while others who had lightened their products somewhat in an attempt to compete with gin, vodka, and rum, are now, thankfully, rethinking their position. In the early years of the twentieth century, large food companies had already started shipping foodstuffs all over the country, and there was growing concern about the preservatives and dyes being used, as well as the sanitary conditions in the packaging plants. Any search for the first bourbon whiskey should begin with a look at what made Kentucky so darned perfect for such a whiskey to have been created there: Kentucky was an area with plentiful trees (17 varieties of oak are native to the state), pristine, limestone-filtered water, and arable land. They were not, however, the only group of immigrants to have a major impact on the whiskey industry, the Germans who settled in Pennsylvania and became known as the Pennsylvanian Dutch were also well versed with the alembic, and by 1775, there were just as many Germans here as Scots-Irish. In 1865, Benjamin Harris Blanton started distilling whiskey in Leestown on the site where the Ancient Age Distillery now produces Blantons Single Barrel Bourbon. Thompson later formed his own company, bought the Glenmore Distillery in 1901, and introduced Kentucky Tavern whiskey to the world in 1903. According to Oscar Getz in Whiskey, An American Pictorial History, by 1860, on a per-capita basis, Americans were drinking over 28 percent more spirits than they had consumed just a decade earlier. Why gin? Class and Social Order. Many proofs were bottled, including 113 proof, 121 proof, 122 proof, 123 proof, and 127 proof. In 1798 almost 200 Kentucky whiskey men were found guilty of making whiskey without a license (Elijah Craig, a Baptist minister, no less, among them). The views and opinions expressed in the following book chapters are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Distilled Spirits Council or its member companies. The Reverend Elijah Craig, a Baptist minister, is often recognized as being the inventor of bourbon, but that claim is completely unsubstantiated. The company was acquired by United Distillers in 1991. A Few Other Whiskey Men Who Appeared in Kentucky Before 1800, All of these families helped bring the tradition of American whiskey-making into the nineteenth and right through to the twentieth century. By the early 1940s, however, the distillers had managed to age sufficient quantities of straight whiskey to have an appreciable amount of good, aged bourbon and rye back on the shelves. However, just to give Craig the benefit of the doubt, if bourbon whiskey had a good reputation down south (he did ship his whiskey down there), he may have *called his product bourbon even though he didnt there. No one knows the answer. 1, O.K. Old Taylor Bourbon first hit the shelves in 1887. It was probably similar in shape to a Hersheys Kiss, with the top knot narrowing into becoming a pipe that would carry the vapors to a vessel where they would condense. The number of crimes and misdemeanors that originated in drunkenness has declined. So, if the whiskey was produced in, say, September or October, and it couldnt begin its trip to the Big Easy until, say, April, by the time it made its way to Bourbon Street, it could have been eight to nine months old. And although the town was originally known as Salem, the settlers soon adopted the name of their benefactor, and Bards Town (Bardstown) was born. Lems peach brandy was made in an old pot still. The Willett Family Estate has worked diligently since the mid-1800s to start, perfect, and craft their award-winning spirits. The act gave legitimate distillers the ability to prove the quality of their products, but the fight for honest labeling had only just begun. Anyway, this woman believed that she had conversations with Jesus and that He had directed her to destroy saloons. Liquor in the 19th Century. His master distiller, Wilhelm Hendriksen, is said to have used corn and rye to make liquor, and since the Dutch didnt develop a formula for gin until 10 or so years later, he must have been making some form of whiskey. Jim Beam joined with Albert J. Hart to run the Old Tub Distillery in 1892. It was partially due to these efforts that Prohibition would be repealed some 13 years later. A. Smith Bowman, a farmer in Virginia who had been in the whiskey business prior to Prohibition, started making Virginia Gentleman bourbon in 1935. Chevalier Whiskey Bottle, Brown 1800's Whiskey Bottle, Root Beer Color Antique Collectible Bottle gotRUSTandMORE (2,268) $50.00 Rare antique 1870s brown 8 sided whiskey bottle glorydaysephemera (98) $42.49 $49.99 (15% off) Hudson Bay Whiskey Bottle, Pro Pelle Cutem, Vintage Bottle, Amber Bottle, Barware, Scotch, England, For Decorative Use Only Though commonly believed to be a beer, the main carbohydrate is a complex form of fructose rather than starch. New markets were opening up, and the whiskey business was becoming more and more profitable. By 1900, many of the smaller temperance societies had either given their support to or had become part of the Anti-Saloon League, founded in 1893. Some sat alone at the bar taking notes on the particular malt they were sampling; others assembled in groups, experienced a few different drams, and discussed and compared each ones particular intricacies. It has not come to the kingdom simply to build a little local sentiment, or to secure the passage of a few laws, nor yet to vote the saloons from a few hundred towns. After taking a 10-year sabbatical from the industry, he returned to his whiskey roots, bought a plant in Loretto that he named Star Hill Farm, and started to produce Makers Mark bourbon in 1953. So, though the public was protected and fed, in part, by the whiskey men of America, they just didnt have enough decent whiskey to drink. This agency eventually became part of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. Henry Hudson Wathen (whose family kept the Old Grand-Dad label alive in the late nineteenth century) began distilling whiskey in Kentucky in 1788. Again, the quote has been twisted over the years to make Lincoln sound as though he were defending drinkers. Did Lincoln enjoy the warmth of an occasional glass of whiskey? 60During the 1800's, many ventured west in search of a new frontier. In those days, rum was known by many different names: Rumbullion, rumbustion, rumbowling, kill-devil, rhumbooze, and Barbados water were all common terms for the distillate of sugar cane or molasses. In 1913, an article appeared in The Louisville Courier-Journals special Southern Prosperity edition wherein whiskey dealer S. C. Herbst proclaimed that his Old Judge and Old Fitzgerald brands were the last Old Fashioned Copper Pot Distilled Whiskeys.. The company had $100,000 in capital and bought 100 acres of Louisville land where they built a huge distillery. Why did Babcock use the name Sylph on the telegrams? The following year, 1792, the government reduced the taxes a little (down to around 7 per gallon from 11, dependent on proof), and Kentucky finally became a state. Although we cant say for certain how many people believed their claim as patriotic party do-gooders, evidence points to up to 15 million gallons of whiskey a year, which would have generated a cool $7.5 million in taxes--an extraordinary amount of money at the time--going untaxed between 1870 and 1874. These groups took aim at irresponsible drinking. Not all Northerners believed that their soldiers were drinking more than the Southern troops. In some instances, distillers ventured into importing, exporting, and distilling different products to diversify their lines. Pardons were offered to anyone who agreed to comply with the law henceforth. When Prohibition ended, not everyone was happy about it: Dry Senator Morris Sheppard of Texas (during Prohibition, most politicians were referred to as Wet or Dry), one of the authors of the eighteenth amendment, made a speech on January 16 (the date that Prohibition went into effect) of every year since 1920, commemorating the Noble Experiment. Following the surprise discovery of an unopened bottle of Old Dominick Toddy from the late 1800s, Chris and Alex Canale decide to reinstate the storied spirit brand started by their great great grandfather, Domenico. The sandwich was never eaten--but many drinks were sold. Just over six months later, when Prohibition was repealed, the beer, wine, and spirits industries had to devise codes of their own. From time immemorial, coopers have been forming barrels over fire, and therefore toasting the staves while they were making them bow. Its clear that the whiskey business had its problems: The swingers of the twenties preferred gin to whiskey; post-Prohibition whiskey drinkers got used to blended whiskeys; and then the demon rum reared its head during World War II. Meanwhile, Seagram introduced its Five Crown and Seven Crown blended whiskeys to the American public, and they were an unmitigated success. But back when the governments excise tax was raised to $2 in 1865, the moonshiners of Kentucky and Tennessee were making white lightning in abundance and cashing in on the woes of the legitimate distillers. Others, either those not versed in the art of distillation or too concerned with time and money, would not adhere to the art of the distiller wherein only the center section of the whiskey is deemed suitable for consumption. But with the proliferation of whiskey, it's not hard to find bottles that push those . *motlow died in 1947. People who had once enjoyed a few beers at the local saloon were now tossing back shots of whiskey and drinking fanciful cocktails made with poor-quality booze. There were few regulations about how the stuff should be made. The jugs most often were of the little brown jug how I love thee variety--glazed stoneware in sizes ranging from one to five gallons* 1 pint according to veach. The origins of whiskey can be traced back to the Medieval monks of both Ireland and Scotland, but now, those two countries make their own distinctive styles of their native spirit. The movement became known as the Womens Crusade and led to the 1874 formation of the Womens Christian Temperance Union in Cleveland, Ohio. This was typical of the time. So it is with American whiskey--the original concept may have been imported from far away lands, but some 300 years later, American whiskeyis a product unto itself. Although there was no general pattern in alcohol consumption throughout Western society during the nineteenth centuryit rose in some countries and fell in others, and there were regional and demographic variations in alla common thread in alcohol discourse throughout Europe and North America was the association of alcohol abuse . Frankfort Distilleries (owners of the Four Roses brand) survived the dry years and was bought by the Seagram company in the 1940s. After trading the slaves, gold, and pepper in Barbados, the ship returned to Rhode Island carrying 55 hogsheads of molasses, 3 hogsheads of sugar, and over 400 in bills of exchange. Further north, the Pilgrims also were making beer, and according to John Hull Brown in his book, Early American Beverages, they werent above adding flavorings in the form of molasses, tree barks (spruce, birch, and sassafras were popular), and fruit and vegetables, such as apples and pumpkins, to their brews. However, some documents had been discovered that pointed to reasons other than friendship for Grants change of heart. Jefferson once asked the question, Who would drink whiskey if wine were cheap enough? Well, those who lived in the Bluegrass State might have argued the point. It's a tightly regulated product that must be produced in the United States and has a few distinct characteristics. Browns goal was to assure the public that they would finally know exactly what whiskey was in the bottle. All of the ingredients needed for whiskey-making were available to these early Kentuckians, but in a quest for the origins of a specific style of whiskey, its necessary to work backwards. What a pleasant surprise on Rainey Street. To accomplish this, Hamilton persuaded Congress to introduce tariffs on imported goods, tax spirits, and charter the Bank of the United States, which would hold the governments revenues and stimulate economic growth by investing in American businesses. They used grains to feed their cattle or farm animals--if they had them. There are three recipes for making imitation Old Bourbon in Stephens book, one calls for 20 gallons of proof spirit (neutral spirits diluted to 100? Of course, her actions werent without their drawbacks, Nation was jailed in Wichita, and a few other towns, but it never stopped her from going out and smashing more saloons whenever she was released. (In her spare time Nation published a newsletter called Hatchet and another known as Smashers Mail.). American whiskey started its life as a raw, unaged spirit that had, as its main attribute, the power to spur the courage of the first colonists. They had no points to pay on the closing, no smooth broker taking a percentage, and no rent to pay until the Revolutionary War ended (The Treaty of Paris, September 3, 1783). Taylor William Samuels (Makers Mark Bourbon) was operating a commercial distillery in Deatsville in 1844. At the turn of the century, in Britain, blended Scotches were the cause of much controversy when single malt Scotch producers sued certain retailers of blended Scotch for selling an article not of the nature and substance demanded. Blended Scotch, they said, was a silent spirit, whereas a pure malt went down singing hymns. The Distillers Company (a group of blended Scotch producers) fought back, claiming that because single malts contained many more impurities (flavor-giving congeners) than blends, theirs was the purer spirit. Decorative glass and ceramic bottles containing whiskey were a novelty that had been around since the early 1800s. When a movie cowboy orders three fingers of red-eye (although a dictionary will tell you that red-eye is cheap whiskey), he is actually demanding the good stuff--it dont get red until its aged. Boats from Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Tennessee, would wait for the rivers to rise before embarking on their journey downriver. But still, no hard cash was changing hands. They were out to prevent accidents and to help those with a drinking problem take care of themselves. In a personal recollection of a meeting between Lincoln and Douglas in 1854, James S. Ewing referred to a decanter of red liquor, red liquor being a term for bourbon that would become widely used by the end of that century. As part of this deal, Congress passed his National Industrial Recovery Bill that effectively suspended anti-trust laws and compelled industries to write their own fair trade codes, which would be examined by the President before approval. Undeterred, they turned their talents to fermenting other fruits--and even vegetables. Carson states that one colonel from Georgia was actually making whiskey himself--prohibition be damned. (And we are willing to bet that if you had to choose between a one-year-old straight whiskey and a well-made blended whiskey, you, too, would pick the latter.). In order to put people to work, Roosevelt proposed a New Deal for the country. At that time, women involved with womens rights often were characterized as plain, but Willard was anything but plain. Not one to be sidetracked for long, Ms. Nation took to lecturing on the vaudeville circuit to raise money, and traveled to every state in the country, breaking up bars as she went. The Volstead Act all but destroyed many of the legitimate whiskey distilleries. This was especially the case for gin. This passage shows the fallacy of the position taken by some agitators that even though wine was used authoritatively in Bible times, it was home-made wine only, and not bought and sold.. It seems that a certain William Bard, an agent for David Bard and John C. Owens, who as partners had laid claim to 1,000 acres of land in Kentucky County by 1780, held a lottery that same year in which the 33 lucky winners would be awarded lots on the land. Tennesseans, however, were not the only whiskey men to use charcoal filtration; one document in Louisvilles Filson Club, written prior to 1820, describes filtering whiskey through layers of white flannel, clean white sand, and pulverized charcoal made from good green wood such as sugar tree hickory. However, the Kentucky distiller who detailed these instructions, used only 18 to 20 inches of charcoal, not even close to the 10-plus feet described in Eatons process. Raise a glass to the pioneers and heroes of the American whiskey industry: Jacob Beam, I. W. Bernheim, Colonel Blanton, Wattie Boone, A. Smith Bowman, George Garvin Brown, the Chapeze brothers, James Crow, Jack Daniel, J. W. Dant, George Dickel, Basil Hayden, Paul Jones, Henry McKenna, Tom Moore, Elijah Pepper, T. B. Ripy, Robert Samuels, the Shapira brothers, E. H. Taylor, Pappy Van Winkle, W. L. Weller, and Evan Williams. His son, another T. W. Samuels, took over operations after Leslies death and ran it until 1943. The whiskeys--and the people who make them--have won a place in our hearts. The government did allow a couple of distillation holidays toward the end of the war, but it would be the late 1940s to early 1950s before most distilleries were once again up and running full force with a decent supply of aged whiskey on hand. Heres a list of prominent whiskey men whose products hit the shelves between 1800 and 1860 (The current-day whiskeys with which these families became connected are noted. In 1882 a distillery by the name of R. B. Hayden and Company fired up its stills to make the first bottles of Old Grand-Dad bourbon. Were charred barrels being used before that date? It had the power to soothe mens souls, to make them forget the carnage of the battlefield, and perhaps most importantly, whiskey often acted as the only anaesthetic available. The W S A tried to dissuade politicians and churchgoers from taking the Anti-Saloon Leagues mission to its logical conclusion. 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