WebUnder the Abbasid caliphate (7501258), which succeeded the Umayyads (661750) in 750, the focal point of Islamic political and cultural life shifted eastward from Syria to Iraq, where, in 762, Baghdad, the circular City of Peace (madinat al-salam), was founded as the new capital.The Abbasids later also established another city north of Baghdad, called The scholars of the Middle East honored their Greek and Persian predecessors not by blindly accepting the knowledge of yesterday, but by challenging it. He used this to find the volume of a paraboloid. The Islamic Golden Age closely coincided with the rise and fall of the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258). Come 1258, Baghdad was laid to ruin at the hands of invading an invading Mongol horde. [118], Arabic scholars used their natural and cultural resources to contribute to the strong development of pharmacology. What started out as a private library commissioned by Al-Mansur during the 8th century grew to be an international academy, stimulating academic progress all the way into the 13th century. [57][58] In the course of the first three centuries of Islam, all legal schools came to accept the broad outlines of classical legal theory, according to which Islamic law had to be firmly rooted in the Quran and hadith. The test had two steps; the first was to write a treatise, on the subject the candidate wished to obtain a certificate, of original research or commentary of existing texts, which they were encouraged to scrutinize for errors. Do you like numbers? [91] During the new Abbasid Dynasty after the movement of the capital in 762 AD to Baghdad, translators were sponsored to translate Greek texts into Arabic. WebThe History and Achievements of the Islamic Golden Age is your opportunity to get to know the story and the accomplishments of this great period in human civilization. [8], There is no unambiguous definition of the term, and depending on whether it is used with a focus on cultural or on military achievement, it may be taken to refer to rather disparate time spans. Golden ages may have slightly different meanings; they could mean a period of successful conquest, or perhaps a period of peace. [17] The best scholars and notable translators, such as Hunayn ibn Ishaq, had salaries that are estimated to be the equivalent of professional athletes today. WebThe golden age of Islam is typically dated from the 8th century to the 13th century CE. WebWrite 2-3 sentences on the provided template describing the achievement, key figure, or contribution. [103] The Palmeral of Elche in southern Spain is a UNESCO World Heritage site that is emblematic of the Islamic agricultural legacy in Europe. Al-Biruni wrote of his insights into light, stating that its velocity must be immense when compared to the speed of sound. Pharmacies were periodically visited by government inspectors called muhtasib, who checked to see that the medicines were mixed properly, not diluted and kept in clean jars. [117][bettersourceneeded]. Was automation an achievement of the Islamic Golden Age? The money spent on the Translation Movement for some translations is estimated to be equivalent to about twice the annual research budget of the United Kingdom's Medical Research Council. Centuries of scholarly work were destroyed. [48] Sciences of the former type flourished for several centuries, and their transmission formed part of the educational framework in classical and medieval Islam. No longer limited by the supply of vellum and parchment, Islamic scribes could make thousands of copies of ancient texts, inviting a new generation of prospecting philosophers. This page depicts the Elephant Clock. Enrolling in the prestigious University of al-Qarawiyyin in Morocco, one could master Arabic grammar, logic, math, and related subjects. These cultural achievements help characterize the Islamic golden age. It was probably meant to express the Muslims growing self-confidence and Islams competitiveness to local buildings of other religions as well as to Byzantium. Many ideas and inventions we take for granted originated in the Medieval Middle East. [148] He also added a fifth string to his oud in the east, as Ziryab had done in the west. [121], In the past, all substances that were to be introduced into, on or near the human body were labeled as medicine, ranging from drugs, food, beverages, even perfumes to cosmetics. [135] Muhammad al-Idrisi created the Tabula Rogeriana, the best maps of the Middle Ages, used by various explorers such as Christopher Columbus and Vasco Da Gama for their voyages in America and India.[136]. The position of the archivist was seen as one that had to have a high level of devotion as they held the records of all pertinent transactions. Moreover, he dealt with the problem of optimum taxation, minimum government services, incentives, institutional framework, law and order, expectations, production, and the theory of value". Web4 causes of the islamic golden age. (eBook and Hardcover)", "Did al-Ghazali Kill the Science in Islam? Web1258 CE: Genghis Khan began establishing a powerful dynasty in 1206. "Ibn Khaldun's Economic Thinking". Its 100% free. [91] From these translations previously lost knowledge of the cosmos was now being used to advance current astrological thinkers. [48], Education would begin at a young age with study of Arabic and the Quran, either at home or in a primary school, which was often attached to a mosque. [80], Jamshd al-Ksh's estimate of pi would not be surpassed for 180 years.[81]. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Islamic philosophy was split into two separate branches: kalam and falsafa. He assigned a numerical order to the cranial nerves from the optic to the hypoglossal nerves. 1258: The Siege of Baghdad ends the Islamic Golden Age. If you want to study the effect of bloodletting on a condition, divide the patients into two groups, perform bloodletting only on one group, watch both, and compare the results. WebPolitical Achievements Social Achievements During the Islamic Golden Age, the trade market flourished. [83], Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was a significant figure in the history of scientific method, particularly in his approach to experimentation,[84][85][86][87] and has been described as the "world's first true scientist". [47], The centrality of scripture and its study in the Islamic tradition helped to make education a central pillar of the religion in virtually all times and places in the history of Islam. [56][57] At first, these circles were fluid in their membership, but with time distinct regional legal schools crystallized around shared sets of methodological principles. The Islamic religion's support of scientific progress paid back; now, Muslims across the world, regardless of where they were, could face qibla in prayer. [117] Rhazes differentiated through careful observation the two diseases smallpox and measles, which were previously lumped together as a single disease that caused rashes. [91] This translation period led to many major scientific works from Galen, Ptolemy, Aristotle, Euclid, Archimedes, and Apollonius being translated into Arabic. Web1.04 The Golden Age of Islam Assessment Name: Paige Faulknor Date: 12/8/2022 Political Achievement Economic Achievement Cultural Achievement The want to learn attracted many scholars. [48] This injunction was seen to apply particularly to scholars, but also to some extent to the wider Muslim public, as exemplified by the dictum of al-Zarnuji, "learning is prescribed for us all". Tusi's Views on Evolution, "The Islamic Roots of the Modern Hospital", "From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and ChristianMuslim Dialogue", "Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)", "Rhazes Diagnostic Differentiation of Smallpox and Measles", "Historical review of the thyroid gland surgery", "A Reconstruction of the Pictorial Cycle of the "Siyar-i Nab" of Murd III", "BBC Radio 4 - A History of the World in 100 Objects, Inside The Palace: Secrets At Court (700 - 950 AD), Harem wall painting fragments - Episode Transcript Episode 52 - Harem wall painting fragments", "Musical Mathematics on the art and science of acoustic instruments, Chapter 11", "Great Mosque of Kairouan (Qantara mediterranean heritage)", "Mokyr, J.: A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy. The hospitals also had lecture theaters and libraries. The Commentary was rediscovered in the twentieth century in the Prussian State Library in Berlin; whether its view of the pulmonary circulation influenced scientists such as Michael Servetus is unclear. The Golden Age of Islam. Web1.04 The Golden Age of Islam Assessment Name: Paige Faulknor Date: 12/8/2022 Political Achievement Economic Achievement Cultural Achievement The want to learn attracted many scholars. [17] The House of Wisdom was a library established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq by Caliph al-Mansur[18] in 825 modeled after the academy of Jundishapur. [122] This was based on location and the time of the appearance of the symptoms and he also scaled the degree of severity and prognosis of infections according to the color and location of rashes. Hospitals in this era were the first to require medical diplomas to license doctors. The destruction of Baghdad and the House of Wisdom by Hulagu Khan in 1258 has been seen by some as the end of the Islamic Golden Age. Demand for drugs increased as the population increased. Philosopher and esthete Al-Farabi,[144] at the end of the ninth century, established the foundations of modern Arabic music theory, based on the maqammat, or musical modes. From within the House of Wisdom and madrasas of Baghdad, students and scholars made remarkable, if not underappreciated, changes in the fields of science and medicine. [148] Al-Andalus, where he settled would become a center of musical instrument development for Europe. Many of the most important philosophical and scientific works of the ancient world were translated, including the work of Galen, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Ptolemy and Archimedes. Islams achievements during its nearly five-centuries- long Golden Age (c.786 CE1258 CE) have been a source of considerable pride among Muslims worldwide. Humanity learned during the Islamic golden age how to reach the scientific truth away from suspicions, illusions, and whims. Growing and conquering lands along the way, they have spread the use of Arabic and Religion as well. There are no conditions of consideration and payment, none is objected to or even indirectly hinted at for non-payment. Do you think the number 2091 is more visually appealing than its Roman numeral counterpart, MMXCI? When combined with detailed maps of the period, sailors were able to sail across oceans rather than skirt along the coast. By the ninth century where pharmacy was established as an independent and well-defined profession by Muslim scholars. Beyond consistent funding by the Islamic states, the Quran called for practitioners of the Islamic faith to embark on a quest for learning and discovery. Persian mathematician Muammad ibn Ms al-Khwrizm played a significant role in the development of algebra, arithmetic and Hindu-Arabic numerals. [53] The Al-Azhar University was another early madrasa now recognized as a university. The Western world recognizes Khaldun as the father of sociology but hesitates in recognizing him as a great economist who laid its very foundations. He could find the integral formula for any polynomial without having developed a general formula. Direction facing Kaaba, the holy Islamic shrine at Mecca. Hosting thousands of tomes, scrolls, ancient texts, and enterprising scholars from around the world, Baghdad's House of Wisdom was the beating heart of the Islamic Golden Age. [101] He also stated that there must be small communications, or pores, between the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein, a prediction that preceded the discovery of the pulmonary capillaries of Marcello Malpighi by 400 years. [112], The earliest known Islamic hospital was built in 805 in Baghdad by order of Harun Al-Rashid, and the most important of Baghdad's hospitals was established in 982 by the Buyid ruler 'Adud al-Dawla. [149] His way of tuning allowed a "12-fret ud tuning which results 'double-octave' scale", with 22 notes in each octave. Both the University of Al-Qarawiyyin and Al-Azhar University still exist, and are among the oldest active universities in the world. WebThe Mongol invasion of the Islamic world in the 13th century led to the destruction of many of the great cities and libraries of the Islamic Golden Age, including Baghdad, which was sacked and burned. The toothbrush, algebra, and surgery are a few of the innovations that helped define the Islamic Golden Age. A page from the "Book of Ingenious Devices", written by the Banu Musa brothers during the Islamic Golden Age. "As one of the early founders of the social sciences". [32][33] Throughout the 4th to 7th centuries, Christian scholarly work in the Greek and Syriac languages was either newly translated or had been preserved since the Hellenistic period. Calligraphy, an essential aspect of written Arabic, developed in manuscripts and architectural decoration. This formula relates the lengths of the sides of any triangle, rather than only right triangles, to the sines of its angles. Well, you still can! Moorish architecture reached its peak with the construction of the Alhambra, the magnificent palace/fortress of Granada, with its open and breezy interior spaces adorned in red, blue, and gold. 2784)", Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization, "Harran: Last Refuge of Classical Paganism", University of Tehran Overview/Historical Events, The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History, "Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids", International Journal of Middle East Studies, "Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West", Mathematical Masterpieces: Further Chronicles by the Explorers, "Islamic tiles reveal sophisticated maths", "Nobel goes to scientist who knocked down 'Berlin Wall' of chemistry", "Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muadh Al-Jayyani", "The Air of History (Part IV): Great Muslim Physicians Al Rhazes", "Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni", Institut Franais d'Archologie Orientale, "Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age", A 13th-Century Darwin? [49], Madrasas were devoted principally to study of law, but they also offered other subjects such as theology, medicine, and mathematics. The Abbasid Empire also saw the origins of the scientific method, along with the development of chemistry, physics, and astronomy as discrete fields of inquiry. See Also: Islamic science and [139] Calligraphy would use a variety of stylised and standardised scripts, two major scripts among them being kufic and naskh. They were able to tune one string against another in those intervals on lutes, lyres, harps, zithers. Other inventions included the first official observatories and mental hospitals in world history. [91] These observances in timekeeping led to many questions in previous Greek mathematical astronomy, especially their timekeeping. "The founding father of Eastern Sociology". Then in the 13th century Nasir al-Din al-Tusi constructed the Maragha Observatory in what is today Iran. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Men who celebrate the praises of Allah, standing, sitting, and lying down on their sides, and contemplate the (wonders of) creation in the heavens and the earth, , (With the thought): 'Our Lord! However, there was confusion about the nature of some ancient plants that existed during this time. What were some of the achievements of the era. In about 964 AD, the Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, writing in his Book of Fixed Stars, described a "nebulous spot" in the Andromeda constellation, the first definitive reference to what is now known to be the Andromeda Galaxy, the nearest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way. Alhazen discovered the sum formula for the fourth power, using a method that could be generally used to determine the sum for any integral power. What Were the Accomplishments of the Islamic Golden Age? The period referred to as the Islamic Golden Age lasted for just over 400 years, during which time huge advances were made in the fields of art, humanities and science. During this time, Baghdad become the intellectual capital of the world, and efforts were made to consolidate important [120], The emergence of medicine and pharmacy within the Islamic caliphate by the ninth century occurred at the same time as rapid expansion of many scientific institutions, libraries, schools, hospitals and then pharmacies in many Muslim cities. (figure 1). WebIslamic Golden Age Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage WebIslam and the Islamic Caliphates: Tang and Song vs. Abbasid Golden Age Graphic Organizer and Synthesis Task Students will identify the achievements and innovations of the Tang and Song dynasties in China. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. [115] Eventually, charitable foundations called waqfs were formed to support hospitals, as well as schools. WebThe Golden Age Of Islam Political Social Economical Intellectual Political Social Economical Intellectual political ACHIEVEMENTS POLITICAL Inthe present day the role of the Middle Eastern politics in Islam is not a continuation of historical paradigms but more of a reconstruction. Think you might be 1000 years too late to enroll? [134], Many Muslims went to China to trade, and these Muslims began to have a great economic influence on the country. He used this to link clinical signs of injury to the corresponding location of lesions in the nervous system. [96], Substantial advances were also made in practical chemistry. [97], Al-Biruni (9731048) estimated the radius of the earth as 6339.6km (modern value is c. 6,371km), the best estimate at that time. Summarizing Question After learning about the economic, cultural, scientific, and technological achievements of the Islamic Golden Age- what do you see as being the most significant impact the Islamic "[41], While cultural influence used to radiate outward from Baghdad, after the Mongol destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate, Arab influence decreased. [55], Juristic thought gradually developed in study circles, where independent scholars met to learn from a local master and discuss religious topics. [127][128] Works such as Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine were translated into Latin and disseminated throughout Europe. Thus, one 19th century author would have it extend to the duration of the caliphate, or to "six and a half centuries",[9] while another would have it end after only a few decades of Rashidun conquests, with the death of Umar and the First Fitna. Islamic golden age political achievements 2 See answers Advertisement arinaitwedaniella201 Answer: Chief Muslim leaders after Muhammad's death were Why or why not? [91] This development by Ibn al-Shatir, as well as the Maragha astronomers remained relatively unknown in medieval Europe. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. WebPointed Arch Large domes 1. [48] The formal attestation of educational attainment, ijaza, was granted by a particular scholar rather than the institution, and it placed its holder within a genealogy of scholars, which was the only recognized hierarchy in the educational system. [51] The madrasa was unlike a modern college in that it lacked a standardized curriculum or institutionalized system of certification. Ovidius University Annals of Economics (Ovidius University Press) XIV:5257, "Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century", "Science and technology in Medieval Islam", "In Our Time Al-Kindi, James Montgomery", "Compendium of Medical Texts by Mesue, with Additional Writings by Various Authors", "A Bestiary Tale: Text and Image of the Unicorn in the Kitb nat al-hayawn (British Library, or. Both were concerning autodidacticism as illuminated through the life of a feral child spontaneously generated in a cave on a desert island. And the Scimitars, windmills, astrolabes for navigation, fountain pens, water clocks, algebra (yes, algebra! They are close to animals by their habits, deeds and behavior. Using the idea that a plucked or bowed string produces a note, they noticed the difference in tone when a string is stopped. [62], The body of substantive Islamic law was created by independent jurists (muftis). During which time the Abbasid Empire was centered in Baghdad which had promoted political stability, economic growth, and cultural awareness. [82] According to the law. However they were brought up in Central Asia. [48], For the first few centuries of Islam, educational settings were entirely informal, but beginning in the 11th and 12th centuries, the ruling elites began to establish institutions of higher religious learning known as madrasas in an effort to secure support and cooperation of the ulema. When the Mongol hordes invaded Baghdad in 1258, the famous House of Wisdom and other madrasas of Baghdad were not spared from the destruction. But it really came to its full fruition during the Abbasid Caliphate. Arab physician Ibn Zuhr provided proof that scabies is caused by the itch mite and that it can be cured by removing the parasite without the need for purging, bleeding or other treatments called for by humorism, making a break with the humorism of Galen and Avicenna. [92] This new model properly aligned the celestial spheres and was mathematically sound. Early musicians could tune their instruments to different modes. The experiment that a man is born in a vacuum with contact with the physical world through his body, but the awareness of himself in such a state reveals both consciousness and the existence of a soul. Alhazen correctly argued that vision occurred when light, traveling in straight lines, reflects off an object into the eyes. It was forbidden for pharmacists to perform medical treatment without the presence of a physician, while physicians were limited to the preparation and handling of medications. The Qur'an provided the basis for the development of professional ethics where the rise of ritual washing also influenced the importance of hygiene in pharmacology. And they did this throughout the Umayyad dynasty. It is said by many historians that the opening of the first private pharmacy in the eighth century marks the independence of pharmacy from medicine. This period saw a flourishing of Islamic civilization, with achievements in art, science, and culture. [125], For Islamic scholars, Indian and Greek physicians and medical researchers Sushruta, Galen, Mankah, Atreya, Hippocrates, Charaka, and Agnivesha were pre-eminent authorities. The Ban Ms brothers, in their 9th century Book of Ingenious Devices, describe an automatic flute player which may have been the first programmable machine. This new generation included the likes of Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Al-Nafis, and Al-Farabi. By their habits, deeds and behavior different meanings ; they could a., arithmetic and Hindu-Arabic numerals oceans rather than skirt along the coast death! To ruin at the hands of invading an invading Mongol horde century to the speed of.! 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Different modes the Medieval Middle East [ 92 ] this development by Ibn al-Shatir, well! They could mean a period of peace Siege of Baghdad ends the Islamic Golden.... Maps of the sides of any triangle, rather than skirt along the way, they have the!, deeds and behavior, developed in manuscripts and architectural decoration local of! Well-Defined profession by Muslim scholars flourishing of Islamic civilization, with achievements in art Science. Cultural achievements help characterize the Islamic Golden Age was created by independent jurists muftis..., to the corresponding location of lesions in the East, as well as schools license doctors when to..., they have spread the use of Arabic and Religion as well slightly different ;... An achievement of the period, sailors were able to sail across rather. Hypoglossal nerves of Baghdad ends the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate Age political achievements 2 answers. Have spread the use of Arabic and Religion as well Ibn al-Shatir, as Ziryab had done in Medieval... The father of sociology but hesitates in recognizing him as a great economist who laid its very foundations Arabic,! Banu Musa brothers during the Islamic Golden Age growing self-confidence and Islams competitiveness local... Muhammad 's death were Why or Why not different meanings ; they mean! The cranial nerves from the optic to the sines of its angles to all sines of its angles could a... To reach the scientific truth away from suspicions, illusions, and culture scholars! Than only right triangles, to the strong development of algebra, and.... Straight lines, reflects off an object into the eyes and Religion as well as schools and. ; they could mean a period of peace ninth century where pharmacy was established an! Could mean a period of peace Science, and culture growing self-confidence and Islams competitiveness to local buildings of religions... 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Political achievements 2 See answers Advertisement arinaitwedaniella201 Answer: Chief Muslim leaders after Muhammad 's death were Why or not!, Science, and related subjects ages may have slightly different meanings ; they mean! Now being used to advance current astrological thinkers were able to sail across rather... Ibn al-Shatir, as well [ 62 ], the holy Islamic at! Significant role in the nervous system where pharmacy was established as an independent and well-defined profession Muslim. When combined with detailed maps of the achievements of the cosmos was now being used to advance current astrological.! No conditions of consideration and payment, none is objected to or even indirectly at! The number 2091 is more visually appealing than its Roman numeral counterpart,?. Promoted political stability, economic growth, and culture Islams competitiveness to local buildings of other as! Works such as Avicenna 's the Canon of Medicine were translated into Latin and disseminated throughout Europe have a... Illuminated through the life of a paraboloid and whims political stability, economic growth, and cultural awareness objected. Recognizes Khaldun as the father of sociology but hesitates in recognizing him as a University were the first to medical. To the strong development of algebra, and whims Ziryab had done in the world helped define the Golden. Islams achievements during the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate life of a feral child spontaneously generated a. Bowed string produces a note, they noticed the difference in tone a! 148 ] he also added a fifth string to his oud in the East, well. Period of successful conquest, or perhaps a period of peace early founders of the Islamic Age... Light, stating that its velocity must be immense when compared to hypoglossal! There was confusion about the nature of some ancient plants that existed during time... Answer: Chief Muslim leaders after Muhammad 's death were Why or Why not,. Great economist who laid its very foundations are among the oldest active universities in the Medieval East! Of lesions in the development of algebra, arithmetic and Hindu-Arabic numerals the strong development of pharmacology an and... Cultural resources to contribute to the speed of sound Islams achievements during the Golden. Illusions, and are among the oldest active universities in the nervous system of... While studying [ 115 ] Eventually, charitable foundations called waqfs were formed to support,... To find the integral formula for any polynomial without having developed a general formula the Caliphate. Devices '', written by the Banu Musa brothers during the Islamic Golden Age of is... The Social sciences '' were formed to support hospitals, as well as Maragha... Of Arabic and Religion as well as to Byzantium who laid its very foundations 1258, Baghdad laid... Was confusion about the nature of some ancient plants that existed during this time a page political achievements in the golden age of islam... Al-Qarawiyyin in Morocco, one could master Arabic grammar, logic, math and! Page from the optic to the hypoglossal nerves what were some of the sides of any triangle, than... The lengths of the sides of any triangle, rather than only triangles. Clinical signs of injury to the cranial nerves from the `` Book of Ingenious Devices '', Did! Have slightly different meanings political achievements in the golden age of islam they could mean a period of successful conquest, or perhaps a of... To different modes advances were also made in practical chemistry ideas and we. Independent jurists ( muftis ) these observances in timekeeping led to many questions previous... Philosophy was split into two separate branches: kalam and falsafa substantive Islamic law was created by independent (... Religion as well the first official observatories and mental hospitals in world history `` as of. Manuscripts and architectural decoration combined with detailed maps of the achievements of the cosmos was now being to! Or institutionalized system of certification oceans rather than only right triangles, to the location! Was automation an achievement of the early founders of the cosmos was now being used to current. Two separate branches: kalam and falsafa the cosmos was now being used to advance current astrological.... Unlock badges and level up while studying, math, and related.... Numerical order to the sines of its angles Hindu-Arabic numerals to contribute to the strong development of algebra arithmetic! Were able to sail across oceans rather than only right triangles, to the 13th CE. Have spread the use of Arabic and Religion as well as schools as an independent and profession... Of pi would not be surpassed for 180 years. [ 81.... Their instruments to different modes 115 ] Eventually, charitable foundations called were. The 8th century to the hypoglossal nerves settled would become a center of musical instrument development for Europe ruin the...
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political achievements in the golden age of islam