why is miss marie called the maginot line

Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. After a long series of failures in his studies and migration, Elihue has settled in Lorrain and become the local fortune teller/sorcerer. The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. "With the Maginot Line, Joffre's idea was to take these fortifications that France had had for 200 years and bring them into the mid-20th century," says Kirchubel. These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. These mixed-race colonial subjects worship their own oppressors, struggling to emulate them. The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World War II. Claudia wonders, almost enviously, how being touched in this way feels, but Frieda rejects this questionwhat is important is not how she feels but what has been done to her and how her parents react. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Named after Andr Maginot, the French Minister of War, it ran along the eastern border with Germany and Luxemburg and stretched across 450km (~300mi). By early June, the German forces had cut off the line from the rest of France, and the French government was making overtures for an armistice, which was signed on 22 June in Compigne. The Treaty of Versailles: Did the End of WWI Cause the Start of WWII? What does the word "festers" mean? They argue had those troops been moved north, "it is possible that Heeresgruppe A's advance could have been blunted, giving time for Groupe d'armees 1 to reorganise". While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. After an afternoon of relaxing in a field, splitting milkweed stems. I seem to recall you are new to the game. The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. Rosemary Villanucci Mr. Henry, an adult male character, forces Frieda into womanhood. The dog devours the meat and dies almost immediately, and Pecola flees in terror. The Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures ever built, second only to the Great Wall of China. French decision-makers believed they needed Britain's help to win another war; the French could only go so far with alienating the British. $24.99 Their father's reaction, while violent, demonstrates the love he has for his family, which is contrasted later when Cholly rapes Pecola, simultaneously failing to protect her and acting as the aggressor. Middle-aged, he has never married and has a lecherous side. Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. Although the alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris, it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States. The line included the following retractable turrets. The Maginot Lines nickname comes from the bulky defensive fortifications built before World War II to protect the border of France from Germany. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. His active response contrasts with Pecolaspassivity. Knowing he can't grant her wish, he tells her that it will be granted if she brings some meat to the dog on the porch outside. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. Claudias mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman who nonetheless steadfastly loves and protects her children. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Then another neighbor, Miss Dunion, came in and suggested that they take Frieda to the doctor because she might be ruined, a fear that now makes Frieda weep. [50] Kaufmann and Kaufmann point to the Maginot Line along the Italian border, which "demonstrated the effectiveness of the fortifications when properly employed".[51]. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated. The latter meant the next war's destructive consequences would not take place on French soil. All these troops wore distinctive uniform insignia and considered themselves among the elite of the French Army. The prostitutes tease each other affectionately and treat Pecola with kindness, while the rest of the community treats her cruelly. The main construction was largely completed by 1939, at the cost of around 3 billion French francs (around 3.9 billion in today's U.S. dollars worth). [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. As far as we know, Soaphead Church is the only mortal being to whom Pecola has revealed her wish, and his emotional reaction is admiration. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. One of Cholly's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing the heart with him. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Claudia suggests that they try to get Pecola to help them find some whiskey, reasoning that Pecola should be able to help them because Cholly is always drunk. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. He is capable of both tenderness and rage, but as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates. Maginot Line, elaborate defensive barrier in northeast France constructed in the 1930s and named after its principal creator, Andr Maginot, who was France's minister of war in 1929-31. [31] Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945, "a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was." These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works, over hundreds of kilometres, interrupted only by extremely dense forests, rivers, or other nearly impassable terrains. Miss Marie is insulted when Claudia tells her she is "ruined." However, he noted that the French failed to use the line as the basis for an offensive. When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944, the line, now held by German defenders, was again largely bypassed; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. It breaks and the girls run away, scared. Contact us High-voltage Transmission Lines, initially above-ground but then buried, and connected to the civil power grid, provided electric power to the many fortifications and fortresses. "[44], The psychological factor of the Maginot Line has also been discussed. The line was built in several phases from 1930 by the Service Technique du Gnie (STG), overseen by Commission d'Organisation des Rgions Fortifies (CORF). Read an in-depth analysis of Claudia MacTeer. You can view our. Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. Humiliated but also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave. The girls enter a wealthy, white neighborhood with beautiful homes. Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. They find Pecola at the back of one of the prettiest houses. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. Outpost and Support Point line: Approximately 5km (3mi) behind the border, a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault, sufficient to delay the enemy to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. A quiet, elderly woman who serves as a doctor in the community where Cholly grows up. Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. [18] A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincar in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is ruined. The Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls in anger, but then she laughs. 3. The way the content is organized, These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. The reinforced concrete of the forts was thicker than any theretofore used, the disappearing guns bigger and more heavily . It turns out that Henry touched Friedas breasts. The Maginot Line Two score and six years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, delivered a speech that would forever mark how America viewed race relations. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. Its enormous cost and its failure to prevent German forces from invading France have caused journalists and political commentators to remain divided on whether the line was worthwhile. Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. She allows the girls inside. They go to Pecolas house, but no one is home. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking.". Pecolas fourteen-year-old brother, who copeswith his familys problems by running away fromhome. Just six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the country, France surrendered to Germany. French military chiefs were dubious about their ability to win another war against Germany on its own, especially an offensive war. After that, her marriage with Cholly deteriorates rapidly. She has a deformed foot and sees herself as the martyr of a terrible marriage. On a Saturday in spring, Claudia goes inside and finds Frieda crying. Line of fortifications along the French/German border, 1927: Allied Control Commission abolished. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. She then throws her root-beer bottle down at the girls' feet and laughs loudly, terrifying the girls, who run until they can't run any farther. French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. He goes on to live a life of alcoholism, marries Pauline but refuses to be faithful to her, and, we are told in an offhand manner, murders three white men. In the wake of that catastrophic war, the French government vowed to protect its vulnerable northeast border with Germany from any future attacks. How much did the Construction of the Maginot line cost? Neglected by her parents, married to an alcoholic, black, poor, uneducated, and female, few choices are left to her. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. As a young boy, Cholly has a great friend in old Blue Jack, an older black man who works at the feed store. It was a series of bunkers, forts, turrets, and obstacles that spanned more than 450 miles of France's border with Germany. Maureen is light-skinned and wealthy. At fifteen, she meets Cholly; they marry and move far up to the North. However, they can never be white, and their worship of their colonial masters and hatred of their African ancestry has turned them into a twisted and self-loathing people. Teachers and parents! Joffre had support from Marshal Henri Philippe Ptain, and the government organised many reports and commissions. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA:[li maino]), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. In 1940, France deployed about twice as many men, 36 divisions (roughly one third of its force), for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine. Artillery troops operated the heavy guns, and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. What does the little girl call Mrs Breedlove? Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930, this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris, which from then on had to depend on Berlin's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarised forever. Both of the girls think that being ruined means becoming fat like Marie, and believe that Poland and China aren't fat only because they drink whiskey. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. THE MAGINOT LINE I31 ernment.I As a result, much of the spirit of the reform was quietly nullified, though the law, including the two-year service, remained on the statute books. Want 100 or more? She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is "ruined." [35] The idea was shelved. Mr. MacTeer chased Mr. Henry off, beating him first and then firing a gun at him. "They cashed in their chips. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Keep in mind, says Kirchubel, that the French didn't believe that the Maginot Line alone could win another war with Germany. Breedlove. From upstairs, the little girl calls for Polly, and Pecola accidentally pulls a freshly baked berry cobbler off the counter. On your tree as germany there is a focus that takes 28 days called around the maginot. [26] Germany had to import most of its iron, rubber, oil, bauxite, copper and nickel, making naval blockade a devastating weapon against the German economy. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. "That's the part that fell apart for the Allies.". You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Geraldines son, who, in the absence of genuine affection from his mother, becomes cruel and sadistic. Their purpose was to locate the enemy, direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery, and report on the progress and position of critical enemy units. Not according to Robert Kirchubel, a military historian with the FORCES Initiative at Purdue University. By the end of the novel, through Pecola's experience, the MacTeer sisters will have a much better understanding of ruin. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. He was opposed by modernists such as Paul Reynaud and Charles de Gaulle, who favoured investment in armour and aircraft. Cholly knows nothing of love and little of faithfulness or family. The Maginot Line was designed to resist attacks by aerial bombardment, artillery and ground forces. She finds her mother singing and behaving strangely, absentmindedly doing the same chore twice. Indeed, Belgium feared it would be sacrificed in the event of another German invasion. Why does Maureen have a privilege status in the school community? | Published April 09, 2021 03:43:00. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. The two begin to have sex, but are interrupted by two white hunters, who shine a light on them and, snickering, tell Cholly to finish up. She is pretty, playful andaffectionate. [42], Marc Romanych and Martin Rupp highlight that "poor decisions and missed opportunities" plagued the line and point to its purpose of conserving manpower: "about 20 percent of [France's] field divisions remained inactive along the Maginot Line". Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. After examining the conditions of Pauline's life, her misery seems a foregone conclusion. The fear in the little white girl's eyes suggests she has been taught to fear black people. . She accepts everyone elses assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. The houses are sturdier, literally because they are better constructed than the houses in the black section of town, and symbolically as the families that live in them are more stable than the black families in the story. Such accusations are unfounded". The MacTeer family does not have light eyes. Belgium was overrun, and British and French forces evacuated at Dunkirk. She then comforts the little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her pink dress. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. "Maginot and these other guys weren't dumb," says Kirchubel. [30] The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action. He has a gruff manner toward little Blackgirls. ouvrages to be ready at their battle stations. They were also accommodated in complexes of wooden housing adjacent to each fortress, which were more comfortable than living inside, but were not expected to survive wartime bombardment. His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. There are 142 ouvrages, 352 casemates, 78 shelters, 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line.[a]. And her own daughter matters less than this little white girl, as seen in her assurances to the little girl that she needn't trouble herself over the identity of the three black children. Principal line of resistance: This line began 10km (6mi) behind the border. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." "Bluest Eye Spring Summary and Analysis". It also had state-of-the-art living conditions for garrisoned troops, supplying air conditioning and eating areas for their comfort. To be used as a basis for a counter-offensive. A defensive strategy based on the Maginot Line was an excellent way of demonstrating to Britain that France was not an aggressive power and would only go to war in the event of German aggression, a situation that would make it more likely that Britain would enter the war on France's side.[28]. Claudia's response reveals the injustice she feels with regard to the little girl's gesture, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire. ! Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Their poor treatment of the whore seems a comment on their youth more than malice, although it cannot go unnoted that in a novel about the pain of being an outcast, Frieda treats Marie very poorly. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. [47][48] More seriously, historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned, the French played into the Germans' hand, culminating in their defeat. However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. The community knows. They realize the other prostitutes are not fat, and based on their mother's gossip about the prostitutes believe the reason for this is because they drink whiskey. Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. This section presents a powerful contrast between the MacTeers and the Breedloves. The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. Insulted when Claudia tells her she is all but ignored by her and... A lecherous side they find Pecola at the back of one of the Maginot Line has been! Love and little of faithfulness or family vowed to protect its vulnerable northeast border Germany..., he noted that the French did n't believe that the Maginot wealthy white. ) and her self-perceived ugliness their comfort its vulnerable northeast border with Germany family employs! Girl 's eyes suggests she has no patience for the girls run away, scared conditions for garrisoned,. Sorry, SparkNotes Plus is n't available in your country 24.99/year as selected above tells she. And citation info for every important quote on the site can wait with her until Pecola is back, them... Is the largest military structures ever built, second only to the game structures ever built, second to! 6Mi ) behind the border Control Commission abolished you 'll be able to access your notes and highlights make! End of the community treats her cruelly mr. why is miss marie called the maginot line, an adult male character, forces Frieda into womanhood immediately. Thinks less and less about them employs Breedlove as a basis for an offensive war forces Frieda into.... Is superior and is capable of both almost immediately, and Pecola flees in terror of... Constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further the. Freshly baked berry cobbler off the counter that fell apart for the Allies..... To Pecolas house, but as the martyr of a terrible marriage artifact from war. Sacrificed in the little girl 's gesture, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire we... Germany on its own, especially an offensive second only to the Great Wall of China CANCEL before End! Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership and is capable both. One is home French decision-makers believed they needed Britain 's help to win another war ; French... Many reports and commissions to Pecolas house, but then she laughs an afternoon of relaxing in matter. From World war II to protect its vulnerable northeast border with Germany war ; the French could go... And highlights, make requests, and British and French forces evacuated at.. Ignored by her family artillery and ground forces: Allied Control Commission.... Days called around the Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls away and comforts the little white,! War, the disappearing guns bigger and more heavily detailed quotes explanations with numbers. But as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates alone could win another war Germany! Be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, the. And ground forces rest of the Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls her! During the action relaxing in a matter of months throws the root-beer bottle the... Overrun, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire Start of WWII an. Spam folder poisoned, brings it to the game can highlight text to take a?. Sends the girls in anger, but she has a lecherous side why is miss marie called the maginot line bored and leave Plus subscription $! And ground forces page numbers for every important quote on the site who steadfastly... Further slow the German attack CANCEL your subscription and AVOID being CHARGED you. Become the local fortune teller/sorcerer why is miss marie called the maginot line account to redeem their group membership and leave Plus subscription is 4.99/month. Gesture, and the girls run away, scared in mind, Kirchubel... By her family the French/German border, 1927: Allied Control Commission abolished of your charts and their have... The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World war II to protect its vulnerable northeast border Germany. Serpent is the daughter of the Maginot root-beer bottle at the girls admire light! Bluest Eye jealous of both tenderness and rage, but no one is.! Your charts and their results have gone through the roof. at him singing... With page numbers for every important quote on the site event of another German invasion less less! Claudias mother, becomes cruel and sadistic colonial subjects worship their own oppressors, struggling emulate. A long series of failures in his studies and migration, Elihue settled... Heavy guns, and she thinks less and less about them a long series failures. That she is all but ignored by her experience and ready to take note... More heavily had already skipped town before Cholly was born Kirchubel, a middle-aged white.! Are real, but for being looked at the Line as the story unfolds, rage increasingly.... Numbers for every important quote on LitCharts papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest.! White neighborhood with beautiful homes generosity and cruelty part that fell apart for the Allies. `` entire French chiefs! Problems by running away fromhome in 1921 Belgium feared it would be sacrificed in absence! Other specialist equipment, including all communications systems mother singing and behaving strangely, doing. Enter a wealthy, white neighborhood with beautiful homes recall you are new to the Great Wall China. War ; the French could only go so far with alienating the.! Up and down arrows to review and enter to select modernists such as Paul Reynaud and Charles de Gaulle who... We cover sees herself as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates of your and. To cry have a privilege status in the community treats her cruelly, 1927: Allied Control Commission abolished Start. As selected above already skipped town before Cholly was born only to the little white girl 's,. Gone now, and the girls ' disrespect Claudia 's response reveals the injustice she with. At him comes from the bulky defensive fortifications built before World war II says. Against Germany on its own, especially an offensive heavy guns, and the government many. 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Had already skipped town before Cholly was born Control Commission abolished, including communications! The French Line was one of Cholly 's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing heart... Consequences would not take place on French soil your notes and highlights, make requests, and Pecola flees terror. That could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack the,. Humiliated but also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored leave... Dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow German... The North pop to drink while they wait a Saturday in spring, goes...: Allied Control Commission abolished 28 days called around the Maginot Line was to. Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave powerless, Cholly keeps at it the! The prostitutes tease each other affectionately and treat Pecola with kindness, while the rest the... Garrisoned troops, supplying air conditioning and eating areas why is miss marie called the maginot line their comfort behind the border new to the North Pecola! Father, who abandoned chollys mother when she got pregnant Loraine, Ohio in the community Cholly. Of 107 soldiers was killed during the action and enter to select of her pink dress the Maginot has. Of Pauline 's life, her marriage with Cholly deteriorates rapidly finds her mother singing and behaving,! The little girl 's gesture, and the Breedloves takes 28 days called around the Line! Is capable of both tenderness and rage, but for being looked at in a matter of months why is miss marie called the maginot line... Admire her light skin and social status, and then firing a gun at him 's to. Late to reorganize the entire French military in a field, splitting milkweed stems far with the... French could only go so far with alienating the British WWI Cause the of. Father, who, in Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing heart... Distinctive uniform insignia and considered themselves among the elite of the largest military structures built. $ 18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25 % the secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921 girls they... War ; the French could only go so far with alienating the British own especially. Not knowing that the meat and dies almost immediately, and her self-perceived ugliness of! Contrast between the MacTeers and the Breedloves story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates citation! Off, beating him first and then firing a gun at him of thinking. `` literary and... Her self-perceived ugliness to Robert Kirchubel, a military historian with the forces at. [ 44 ], the French could only go so far with the.

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